© Container Ship Painting by Nicholas Leverington, United Kingdom
At work, I am involved in the development of a machine learning SDK and cloud services for privacy and data protection. Like almost every company in this space, we rely heavily on Python's scientific ecosystem. Because it's quite mature and depends on native library development that started years ago, getting these packages to work on new architectures can be tedious.
I am one of the few developers on our team who has stuck with MacOS and have a Macbook Pro with M1 chip. There is no easy way for me to bootstrap our development environment in a matter of minutes. I have to use Conda, install specific versions of Python packages, patch some native libraries, and even create a symlink from an OS-specific package to its generic name (I'm talking to you, Tensorflow). People on the x86_64 architecture generally won't have this problem – almost every package we use comes with a pre-built wheel for a chosen OS. Moreover, to install the SDK as a dependency of, say, an HTTP API service, I had to assemble it from sources: pip install -e '.'
A few months ago we didn't even support the Arm64 architecture at a build level. This changed when I introduced a Github Action pipeline to build Python wheels for Linux x86_64, aarch64, and universal. Instead of manually compiling some native libraries on my machine, I moved the work to GitHub and its Linux instances. From that moment on, I could just get the package from a private PyPI registry. The sad truth is that I still use Conda and sometimes patch one or two transitive dependencies for my M1 chip. But other than that, no hard times to date.
Today I needed to distribute a newly created API service with the SDK inside as a Docker image. And I haven't found an easy way to define a Dockerfile that can be built and run on Apple Silicon without Conda:
FROM python:3.9-slim-buster AS base
ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1
# Install Conda
RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y upgrade
RUN apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends build-essential g++ gcc libssl-dev cmake git wget
RUN rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
ENV PATH="/root/miniconda3/bin:${PATH}"
ARG PATH="/root/miniconda3/bin:${PATH}"
RUN wget \
https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-aarch64.sh \
&& mkdir /root/.conda \
&& bash Miniconda3-latest-Linux-aarch64.sh -b \
&& rm -f Miniconda3-latest-Linux-aarch64.sh
# Create a Conda environment and install native dependencies
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache \
conda init bash && . /root/.bashrc && \
conda update conda && \
conda create -n de_agent python=3.9 && \
conda env config vars set -n de_agent LD_PRELOAD=/usr/lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/libgomp.so.1 && \
conda activate de_agent && \
conda install gdal llvmdev dm-tree -y && \
pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel && \
pip install h3
# Copy application files
WORKDIR /app
COPY app/ .
COPY logging.yaml .
COPY main.py .
COPY requirements.txt ./
# Install Python packages
ARG DE_AGENT_PYPI_TOKEN
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache \
. /root/.bashrc && conda activate de_agent && \
pip install -r requirements.txt --extra-index-url=https://${DE_AGENT_PYPI_TOKEN}:@pypi. ****.ai/pypi/ && \
pip install numpy==1.23.5
# Cleanup
RUN apt -qy purge --auto-remove build-essential g++ gcc libssl-dev cmake git wget
RUN apt autoremove && apt clean
RUN rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
# Create a user
RUN groupadd -r de_agent && useradd -r -m -g de_agent de_agent
RUN chown -R de_agent:de_agent /app
USER de_agent
# Run the web application
EXPOSE 8000
ENTRYPOINT ["PYTHONPATH=.", "python", "main.py"]
Dockerfile.arm64
As you can see, the manifest is quite verbose. It also adds the Conda binaries and related files to a release image. It is a price that must be paid.
Fortunately, for Linux, we don't need all of this machinery:
FROM python:3.9-slim-buster AS base
ENV PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=1
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1
# Install system packages
RUN apt-get update && apt-get -y upgrade
RUN apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends build-essential g++ gcc libssl-dev cmake git wget
RUN rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
# Copy application files
WORKDIR /app
COPY app/ .
COPY logging.yaml .
COPY main.py .
COPY requirements.txt ./
# Install Python dependencies
ARG DE_AGENT_PYPI_TOKEN
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache \
pip install -r requirements.txt --extra-index-url=https://${DE_AGENT_PYPI_TOKEN}:@pypi. ****.ai/pypi/
# Cleanup
RUN apt -qy purge --auto-remove build-essential g++ gcc libssl-dev cmake git wget
RUN apt autoremove && apt clean
RUN rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
# Create a user
RUN groupadd -r de_agent && useradd -r -m -g de_agent de_agent
RUN chown -R de_agent:de_agent /app
USER de_agent
# Run the web application
EXPOSE 8000
ENTRYPOINT ["PYTHONPATH=.", "python", "main.py"]
Dockerfile.amd64
The question now is how to build Docker images for both architectures on a Mac. This is where Docker comes in. Docker Desktop officially supports building multi-arch images for Arm and x86. Learning this, I was able to add a few targets to my Makefile to quickly build images:
build: # Build a Docker image for x86_64
docker buildx build --platform linux/amd64 -t de-agent:amd64-latest --build-arg DE_AGENT_PYPI_TOKEN=${DE_AGENT_PYPI_TOKEN} -f Dockerfile.amd64 --no-cache .
build-arm: # Build a Docker image for arm64
docker buildx build --platform linux/arm64 -t de-agent:arm64-latest --build-arg DE_AGENT_PYPI_TOKEN=${DE_AGENT_PYPI_TOKEN} -f Dockerfile.arm64 --no-cache .
Makefile
make build
Docker image built for the amd64 architecture
One can say, it's so much hassle for doing all of this locally and a proper CI can solve such a case easily. I agree – as I've mentioned, I like shifting work out of my shoulders and giving it to some machine in the cloud. But in situations where CI is not available, creating multi-arch images can save the day. It certainly did for me.
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