As your APIs scale, the need for making them reliable and robust increases.
This article discusses the best practices for building reliable APIs by introducing a special kind of reverse proxies called API gateways.
We will look into:
- Problems with traditional API designs
- What API gateways are
- How API gateways improve APIs and
- Patterns and examples using API gateways
But first, what are "reliable" APIs?
What Makes an API Reliable?
As a service provider, you might have service-level agreements (SLAs) with your customers, usually quoted in uptime---the amount of time the service is guaranteed to be online and operational.
Uptime is a myopic view of reliability. To understand what it means to be reliable, you have to look at the factors that affect uptime. Once you understand these factors, you will be in a better position to build reliable services.
Let's look at these factors and the questions they pose:
- Latency: How fast does your API respond to requests?
- Security: Who can access your API? Is it secure?
- Downtime Frequency: How frequently is your API down?
- Consistency: Are your API endpoints constant? Do consumers need to change their code often?
- Monitoring and Reporting: Can you observe issues and failures in your API? Are you reporting them to your consumers?
As organizations move to cloud native architectures, it becomes difficult for the development teams to account for these factors on each of their services. And as these systems scale, it would be much easier to delegate these responsibilities to a single, separate system. Say hello to API gateways!
API Gateway, the Unified Entrypoint
An API gateway acts as a middleman between your clients and your APIs. It will accept all traffic (API calls) like reverse proxies, forwards the request to the required services in your backend, and returns the needed results.
An API gateway can be the central point that handles all the authentication, security, traffic control, and monitoring concerns, leaving the API developers to focus on business needs and making it easier to improve reliability.
There are a lot of open source and managed API gateway offerings available. In this article, I will be using Apache APISIX.
The following section will describe some of the best practices to make your APIs reliable using API gateways.
Reliability Best Practices with API Gateways
We will focus more on the pattern underneath than the actual implementation, as it can vary based on your API gateway choice.
I will divide these patterns into three categories:
- Authentication and security
- Monitoring and observability
- Version control and zero downtime
We will look into each category in detail below.
Authentication and Security
User Authentication
Authenticated requests with API gateways secure client-API interactions. After a client authenticates, your API gateway can use the obtained client details for fine-grained control.
APISIX handles authentication directly through plugins like key-auth and jwt-auth. APISIX also supports OAuth authentication and role-based access control systems like wolf through plugins like openid-connect and wolf-rbac, respectively.
Rate Limiting
Intentional (DoS attacks) and unintentional (clients making too many requests) traffic spikes to your APIs can bring them down like a house of cards. Setting up rate limiting will improve the reliability of your systems in handling such scenarios.
You can set up rate limiting on your API gateway, and if the number of requests increases above a threshold, the API gateway could either delay or reject the exceeding requests.
With APISIX, you can use any of the three plugins to configure rate limits based on number of requests, number of concurrent requests per client, and count (limit-req, limit-conn, limit-count).
Monitoring and Observability
Your API's reliability and your monitoring setup go hand in hand. And you can monitor your reliability metrics by setting up monitoring on your API gateway.
API logs and traces provide detailed information about an API call. This information will help you know when your API has failed or has an error as soon as possible. Silent fails lead to unfixed errors which can cause problems in the future.
With some configuration, you will also be able to predict and anticipate traffic for the future, helping you scale reliably.
APISIX has plugins that integrate with logging (Apache SkyWalking, RocketMQ), metrics (Prometheus, Datadog), and tracing (OpenTelemetry, Zipkin) platforms/specifications. You can read more on API Observability with APISIX Plugins.
Version Control and Zero Downtime
Canary Release
When switching to new versions of your APIs, you must ensure that you don't drop your traffic. Clients should still be able to make requests to your API and get back the correct response.
With an API gateway, you can setup canary releases. This will ensure that your API remains functional during the transition, and you can also roll back to the older version if there are any issues.
Initially, the API gateway will route all traffic to your API's old version.
When you have a new version, you can configure the API gateway to route some of your traffic to this new version. You can keep increasing the percentage of traffic to your new service and check if everything is working as expected.
Finally, you can route all traffic to your new API.
APISIX uses the traffic-split plugin that lets you control the traffic to your services. You can use it to set up canary releases or your custom release configuration.
Circuit Breaking
When one of your upstream services is unavailable or is experiencing high latency, it needs to be cut off from your system. Otherwise, the client will keep retrying the request, leading to resource exhaustion. This failure can creep into other services in your system and bring them down.
Like how electrical circuit breakers isolate faulty components from a circuit, API gateways have a circuit breaker feature that disconnects faulty services, keeping the system healthy. Traffic to these services are rerouted or delayed until the service becomes healthy.
APISIX comes with an api-breaker plugin that implements this pattern.
Redirects
As you update your APIs, their endpoints might undergo some change. Traditionally, this would mean that the client application should send requests to the /new-api-endpoint instead of the /old-api-endpoint, meaning your consumers must manually change each call to this API endpoint.
If unanticipated, this can break client applications.
With an API gateway, you can provide an abstraction layer and redirect requests to the /new-api-endpoint without having the clients change their requests. With proper redirect status codes and messages, you can gradually depreciate the /old-api-endpoint without your consumers experiencing any downtime.
With APISIX, you can use the redirect plugin to configure redirects.
Conclusion
When reliability becomes a primary concern, it is evident that API gateways are necessary as more organizations split their monoliths into microservices and move to cloud native architectures.
However, this does not mean API gateways are for everyone. Depending on your API's size and usage, an API gateway might be overkill, and you can get away with using a reverse proxy with basic routing and load balancing capabilities.
The use cases mentioned here only scratch the surface of an API gateway's capabilities. You can learn more about API gateways and Apache APISIX at apisix.apache.org.
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