What is OOP?

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that is based on the concept of object.

• Which can centain data (in the form of property) and code (in the form of method).
• OOP is popular programming paradigm because it allows for modular, reusable code that can be easier to read, maintain and scale.
• There are two types of OOP Languages:
  1. Class-based languages like JAVA,C++,etc.
  2. Prototype-based languages like Javascript.

Features OOP?

There are four rules or main pillars of Object-oriented programming language.
This define how the dataand actionsassociated with the data are organized using code.

-OOPs Concepts:

 - Object
 - Classes
 - `Inheritance`
 - `Polymorphism`
 - `Encapsulation`
 - `Abstraction`

Inheritance

Inheritanceis a concept where a one class (child class) inheritsproperties and methods from another class(parrent class). In javascript , Inheritance is achievedthrough the use of the extends keyword.

// Parent class
class Animal {
  constructor(name, age) {
    this.name = name;
    this.age = age;
  }
  eat() {
    console.log(`${this.name} is eating.`);
  }
}

// Child class
class Dog extends Animal {
  constructor(name, age, breed) {
    super(name, age);
    this.breed = breed;
  }
  bark() {
    console.log(`${this.name} is barking`);
  }
}

// USAGE
const myDog = new Dog("Dogi", 5, "Labrador");
myDog.eat(); //"Dogi is eating"
myDog.bark(); //"Dogi is barking"

Polymorphism

Pholymorphism is the ability of objects to use the same function in different forms.

• This reduces repetition and make the code snippet useful in many different cases.
• In javascript, Polymorphism is achieved throug method overriding or method overloading.
• Method overriding is where a subclass provicdes its own implementation of method that is already defined in the parent class.
• Method overloading is where a class has multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

class Shape {
  constructor(color) {
    this.color = color;
  }
  draw() {
    console.log("Drawing a shape.");
  }
}

// Child classes
class Circle extends Shape {
  draw() {
    console.log(`Drawing a ${this.color} circle.`);
  }
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {
  draw() {
    console.log(`Drawing a ${this.color} rectangle.`);
  }
}
// USAGE
const myCircle = new Circle("red");
const myRectangle = new Rectangle("blue");
myCircle.draw(); //Output: "Drawing a red Circle."
myRectangle.draw(); // Output: "Drawing a blue rectangle"

const myShape = new Shape();
myShape.draw(); //Output :"Drawing a shape"

Here both override the draw() method of parent class, but provide their own implementation of it.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the practice of hiding the internal details of an object from the outside world.

class Wallet {
  #balance = 0; //private field
  constructor(initialBalance) {
    this.#balance = initialBalance;
  }
  getBalace() {
    return this.#balance;
  }
}

const myWallet = new Wallet(200);
console.log(myWallet.getBalace()); // Output :200

• By encapsulating the #balance field withihn the Wallet class, we are preventing didrect access to the #balance field from outsideof the class.
• This is an example of how encapsulation can help to prevent unwanted modifications in a real-world scenario such as managing a wallet.

Abstraction

Abstraction is the process of hiding the implementation detail while showingonly the necessary information to the user.

class Payment {
  constructor(amount) {
    this.amount = amount;
  }
  pay() {
    throw new Error("pay() method must be implemented");
  }
}

class StripePayment extends Payment {
  constructor(amount, cardNumber) {
    super(amount);
  }
  pay() {
    console.log(`Paying $${this.amount} via Stripe`);
  }
}

class PaypalPayment extends Payment {
  constructor(amount) {
    super(amount);
  }
  pay() {
    console.log(`Paying $${this.amount} via paypal`);
  }
}

const payment1 = new StripePayment(100);
payment1.pay();

const payment2 = new PaypalPayment(100);
payment2.pay();

• In this example, the Payment class is the abstract class that defines the interface for making payments.
• It has a pay method that is abstractand must be implemented by its subclasses.
• The StripePaymentand PaypalPaymentclasses are concrete classes that implement the pay method for their respective payment gateways.
• Example if the child classes dont have pay(), will be throw error. throw new Error("pay() method must be implemented");

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