An essential aspect of software engineering is efficiency. Every successful
app needs a solid architectural structure that allows it to scale at all levels
without breaking. In respect to this, several techniques and patterns are
engaged to ensure code efficiency.

In this article, I would introduce you to ES6 modules, what they are, how to use
them and why you should care {0[]0}

What exactly is a module?

In JavaScript, the word “modules” refers to small units of independent,
reusable code. They are the foundation of many JavaScript design patterns and
are critically necessary when building any substantial JavaScript-based
application.

In simpler terms, modules help you to write code in your module and expose
only those parts of the code that should be accessed by other parts of your
code.

JavaScript has had modules for a long time. However, they were implemented via
libraries, not built into the language. ES6 is the first time that JavaScript
has built-in modules.

• Each module is a piece of code that is executed once a JavaScript file is loaded.
• In that code, there may be declarations (variables, functions, classes e.t.c).
• By default, every declaration in that file stay local to that module and cannot be accessed in other modules unless the module file exports them.

What are ES6 Modules?

Before now, it was impossible to directly reference or include one JavaScript
file in another, as such, developers therefore resorted to alternative options
like multiple HTML script tags

<script src="app.js"></script>
<script src="search.js"></script>
<script src="user.js"></script>
<script>
console.log('inline code');
</script>

This is a bad practice as each script initiates a new HTTP request, which
affects page performance and disrupts further processing while it runs.

Let's say we have a file, app.js and included in this file is a function which
checks every limit in a number and returns if it’s EVEN or ODD.

function showNumbers(limit) {
 (let i = 0; i <= limit; i++) {
const message = (i % 2 === 0) ? 'EVEN' : 'ODD';
console.log(i, message);
  }
}

Now this function is only available within app.js . Wherever you need this
function, you have to either rewrite the function or attach the script again.

This is where ES6 Modules come in :)

With ES6 modules, you can concatenate all scripts in one main script by marking
some of them as exports, then other modules can import them.

How ES6 modules work.

Before ES2015 release, there were at least 3 major modules competing standards:

• Asynchronous Module Definition (AMD)
• RequireJS Modules
• CommonJS Modules

A single, native module standard was therefore proposed in ES6 (ES2015).

ES6 modules is a very powerful concept, although support is not available
everywhere yet, a common way of using it is to transpile into ES5. You can use
Grunt, Gulp,
Webpack, Babel or some other
transpiler to compile the modules during a build process.

Transpilers, or source-to-source compilers, are tools that read source code
written in one programming language, and produce the equivalent code in another
language. (Wikipedia)

Browsers with ES6 modules support, May 2017.
[*Source]*

What you should know!

• Everything inside an ES6 module is private by default, and runs in strict mode (there’s no need for 'use strict').
• Public variables, functions and classes are exposed using export.
• Exposed modules are called into other modules using import

• Modules must be included in your HTML with type="module", which can be an
  inline or external script tag.

  // or an inline script

• Modules are
  deferred,
  and only run after a document is loaded

For an in-depth knowledge about ES6 modules, read
here

How to use ES6 modules

For this article, let's create three files, (app.js ,math.js and max.js )

In math.js , let's write a basic arithmetic algorithm

let sumAll = (a, b) => {return a + b;}

let subtractAll = (a, b) => {return a - b;}

let divideAll = (a, b) => {return a / b;}

let multiplyAll = (a, b) => {return a * b;}

let findModulus = (a, b) => {return a % b;}

Now to make this module accessible to other parts of our code, we need to
export them. There are several ways of doing this;

• You can export each module individually:

export let sumAll = (a, b) => {return a + b;}

export let subtractAll = (a, b) => {return a - b;}

export let divideAll = (a, b) => {return a / b;}

export let multiplyAll = (a, b) => {return a * b;}

export let findModulus = (a, b) => {return a % b;}

• A better way is to use a single export statement:

let sumAll = (a, b) => {return a + b;}

let subtractAll = (a, b) => {return a - b;}

let divideAll = (a, b) => {return a / b;}

let multiplyAll = (a, b) => {return a * b;}

let findModulus = (a, b) => {return a % b;}

 export {sumAll, subtractAll, divideAll, multiplyAll, findModulus};

• You can also export default values

export default {sumAll, subtractAll, multiplyAll, divideAll};

Note: You only export modules you want to use in other parts of your code,
its not mandatory for you to export every module in this script

Now to use our exported modules, we need to import them in app.js There are
several ways of doing this also;

• You can import individually

import {sumAll} from './math.js';

Let's test our import

console.log(sumAll(9, 8)); //17

• You can import multiple modules at once:

import {sumAll, subtractAll, divideAll} from './math.js';

• You can import modules as aliases

In some computer operating systems and programming languages, an alias
is an alternative and usually easier-to-understand or more significant name for
a defined data object. More details
here

import * as math from './math.js';

Here we have imported all the modules in math.js and assigned them to the
alias math . To use this imported module we do this:

console.log(math.sumAll(50, 10)); // 60

console.log(math.subtractAll(50, 10)); // 40

console.log(math.multiplyAll(50, 10)); // 500

console.log(math.divideAll(50, 10)); // 5

console.log(math.findModulus(50, 15)); // 5

• You can also import default values

import math from './math.js';
 console.log(math.sumAll(5, 2)); // 7

Here we have imported sumAll() in math.js and assigned it to the alias
math . There is no need to add * as here.

If you don’t export as default and you import using this method, you will get
this error:

Uncaught SyntaxError: The requested module './math.js' does not
 provide an export named 'default'

To use this method, you must export sumAll() as default

export default {sumAll};

• You can also use an absolute path for the module import, to reference modules defined on another domain:

import {sumAll} from 'https://bolaji-module.glitch.me/sumAll.js';
 console.log(sumAll(50, 10)); // 60

Note: Modules are fetched using
CORS. This means that
if you reference scripts from other domains, they must have a valid CORS header
that allows cross-site loading.

Modules are imported with either absolute or Relative references and must start with
either “/”, “./”, or “../”.

import {sumAll} from 'math.js'; ❌
import {sumAll} from 'lib/max.js'; ❌

import {sumAll} from './math.js'; ✔️
import {sumAll} from '../max.js'; ✔️
import {sumAll} from 'https://bolaji-module.glitch.me/sumAll.js'; ✔️

• You can import several modules from different files, in our max.js add this:

let max = (a, b) => {
return (a > b) ? a : b;
}
export {max};

Now you can import max.js and math.js together in app.js

import * as math from './math.js';
 import {max} from './max.js';

console.log(max(50, 10)); // 50

console.log(math.subtractAll(50, 10)); // 40

console.log(math.multiplyAll(50, 10)); // 500

console.log(math.divideAll(50, 10)); // 5

You can import multiple files but we must also remember that having more than a
few modules is going to reduce our app’s performance , only use modules when
needed.

Some Advantages of using modules

• Code can be split into smaller files of self-contained functionality.
• Multiple scripts can be concatenated thereby increasing performance.
• Debugging becomes easier.
• Any code referencing a module understands it is a dependency. If the module file is changed or moved, the problem is immediately obvious.
• Modules (usually) helps eradicate naming conflicts. Function sumAll() in module1 cannot clash with Function sumAll() in module2. Aliases are very useful here, it becomes module1.sumAll() and module2.sumAll().
• ES6 Modules are always executed in strict mode, so there is no need for ‘use strict’ .
• ES6 modules help you to organize your code better

CONCLUSION

ES6 Modules are one of the biggest features introduced in modern browsers.
Modern JavaScript frameworks like Vue JS and React JS use this feature.

You should also know that ES6 modules are not supported in all browsers. For
production applications, transpilers like Webpack and Babel are used to convert
our code from ES6 to ES5 to ensure cross-browser compatibility

In respect to this article, I would be writing two more articles tomorrow to
show you how to use Babel as your transpiler (The article
will cover an introduction guide to installing and setting up Babel) and how to
efficiently work with node_modules in development and production.

Subscribe to my newsletter here and get notified
when it drops!

So this it, while you await the ‘Babel transpiler article’ practice all you
learnt from this article, use it in different projects and try all methods
explained to get a better grasp of ES6 modules.

Two things you need to do

Use a Live server to run your HTML files.

Download web server for chrome
here

You can also use Live server extensions in your code editor:
VScode,
Atom

Don't forget to add type="module" when adding your main script

When you use transpilers, you won’t need all this.

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