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Streamline Your Organization Security Posture with NIST CSF 2.0

Crowdstrike reported a 75% increase in cloud environment intrusions from 2022 to 2023 (source). IBM's cost of data breach report shows that the global average cost of a data breach in 2024 is USD 4.88M, a 10% increase over last year and the highest total ever. Cyber attacks would scale much faster with the help of artificial intelligence. If organizations are not prepared, the consequences will be dire.

There are many security frameworks that can help organizations enable security and safety for their applications and users. In this blog post, we will discuss NIST CSF, one of the most used security frameworks that helps organizations understand and prevent cybersecurity risks. We will cover the key enhancements in NIST CSF 2.0 briefly, explain the primary components of CSF in detail, and show the best practices for maintaining NIST CSF in the cloud.

What is NIST CSF?

The NIST Cybersecurity Framework is designed to help private sector organizations evaluate and enhance their capacity to prevent, detect, and respond to cyber-attacks. The framework is meant to supplement an organization's current risk management and cybersecurity procedures.

We can call it an add-on to an organization’s existing information/cyber security posture. The framework offers recommendations based on best practices and industry standards. It assists businesses of all sizes, from startups to major corporations, in determining the best course of action for enhancing cyber-security and cyber resilience and evaluating the present level of their cyber-security processes. In February 2024, NIST introduced NIST CSF v2.0 with several upgrades.

Key enhancements in NIST CSF 2.0

CSF 1.1 has 5 functions, 23 categories, and 108 subcategories. The CSF 2.0 has 6 functions, 22 categories, and 106 subcategories. CSF 2.0 is an extension of CSF 1.1 that includes several category realignments and the addition of the ‘Govern’ function.

Here are key enhancements in NIST CSF 2.0:

  1. Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM): NIST CSF 2.0 places a greater emphasis on SCRM. Given the rise of supply chain attacks, organizations are now encouraged to manage risks not only within their systems but also across their entire supply chain.
  2. Identity Management and Access Control: Enhanced guidelines for managing identities and access controls are included, reflecting the critical role these elements play in securing organizational infrastructure.
  3. Measurement and Metrics: The updated framework provides improved guidelines on measuring the effectiveness of cybersecurity practices, helping organizations to continuously assess and enhance their security posture.
  4. Integration with Privacy Framework: NIST CSF 2.0 is more closely aligned with NIST’s Privacy Framework, providing a more holistic approach to managing both security and privacy risks.
  5. Improved Guidance on Implementation Tiers: The framework offers clearer guidance on the implementation tiers, helping organizations to better assess their current cybersecurity posture and set realistic improvement goals.

NIST Framework

The images shows the newly added ‘Govern’ function.

Primary components of CSF 2.0 {#primary-components-of-csf-2-0}

There are three primary components of CSF 2.0:

  • Core: It refers to a set of cybersecurity activities and references that provide a high-level, strategic view of an organization’s cybersecurity posture. The core is organized into six functions. Govern, Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover, which are further divided into 22 categories and 106 subcategories.
  • Tiers: Organizations can identify their current state of cybersecurity with the help of tiers. There are 4 tiers: Partial, Risk-Informed, Repeated, and Adaptive.
  • Profiles: Profiles are divided into "current" and "target" profiles.

We will cover each component pf CSF 2.0 in detail.

Core functions of CSF 2.0

There are six core functions within NIST CSF 2.0.

  1. Govern: This function involves cybersecurity risk management strategy, expectations, and policies.

    Category Key points Security Enhancements
    Organizational Context Involves recognizing the unique aspects of the organization, its mission, goals, operational environment, regulatory requirements, and risk appetite, that influence how it manages cybersecurity risks
    It includes
    understanding Business Needs and Drivers
    - Tailoring the Framework
    - Risk Management
    - Resource Allocation
    - Communication
    - Continuous Improvement
    - Mission and Objectives
    - Stakeholder Expectations
    - Legal, Regulatory, and Contractual Requirements
    - Threat Landscape
    Strategic Alignment
    Asset Protection
    Clear Direction
    Accountability and Responsibility
    Risk Management Strategy Risk management processes are established, managed, and agreed to by organizational stakeholders.
    Understanding and articulating risk tolerance is essential for making informed decisions about which risks to mitigate, accept, transfer, or avoid. It includes
    - Identifying Risks
    - Assessing Risks
    - Developing Risk Treatment Plans
    - Risk Acceptance
    - Continuous Monitoring
    Prioritization
    Informed Decision-Making
    Proactive Risk Mitigation
    Adaptability
    Roles, Responsibilities, and Authorities Ensure clear accountability, define actions, and empower stakeholders for effective cybersecurity management.
    Establishment and Communication
    Leadership Accountability
    Clear Assignment
    Use of RACI Matrix
    Comprehensive Coverage
    Alignment with Organizational Structure
    Regular Review and Update
    Board and Executive Involvement
    Cross-functional Collaboration
    Empowerment and Authority
    Clear Accountability
    Effective Decision-Making
    Improved Communication and Coordination
    Reduced Risk of Human Error
    Policy Policies establish guidelines and standards to ensure consistent cybersecurity practices across the organization. The below process is part of the policy lifecycle.
    Policy Development and Implementation
    Communication of Policies
    Policy Enforcement
    Regular Review and Update
    Alignment with Organizational Context
    Integration with Enterprise Risk Management
    Supply Chain Considerations
    Compliance and Regulatory Alignment
    Documentation and Accessibility
    Clear Expectations
    Consistent Practices
    Risk Management
    Accountability
    Oversight Keeping a close eye on all aspects of cybersecurity
    Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation
    Performance Measurement
    Feedback and Improvement
    Governance Integration
    Stakeholder Communication
    Maintaining Effectiveness
    Promoting Accountability
    Driving Continuous Improvement
    Demonstrating Commitment
    Cybersecurity Supply Chain Risk Management Program and Strategy
    Identifying and Assessing Suppliers and Third-Party Partners
    Understanding Supply Chain Dependencies
    Risk Management Integration
    Supplier Prioritization
    Contractual Security Requirements
    Due Diligence
    Continuous Monitoring
    Incident Planning and Response
    Post-Relationship Risk Management
    Managing Supply Chain Risks
    Communicating and Collaborating with Suppliers
    Reduces Risk Exposure
    Protects Critical Assets
    Strengthens Resilience
    Fosters Trust
  2. Identify: This function involves identifying assets, vulnerabilities, and threats within an organization's environment.

    Category Key points Security Enhancements
    Asset Management The company inventories all software components and data used in its service. This includes identifying which data is sensitive and requires additional protection measures.
    - Asset Identification
    - Asset Classification
    - Asset Ownership and Responsibility
    - Asset Inventory Maintenance
    - Data Flow Mapping
    Targeted Protection
    Risk Prioritization
    Improved Incident Response
    Compliance
    Efficient Resource Management
    Risk Assessment Conduct regular risk assessments to identify cybersecurity threats specific to the SaaS model, such as data breaches or unauthorized access to customer data.
    - Risk Identification
    - Risk Analysis
    - Risk Prioritization
    - Risk Communication
    - Continuous Risk Monitoring
    Informed Decision-Making
    Proactive Risk Mitigation
    Efficient Resource Allocation
    Improved Communication
    Adaptability
    Improvement Continuous improvement is required to streamline the security tasks
    - Iterative Assessments
    - Feedback Loops
    - Adaptability
  3. Protect: The Protect function focuses on securing assets and limiting the impact of a potential cybersecurity event.

    Category Key points Security Enhancements
    Identity Management, Authentication, and Access Control Identity Management
    - User Provisioning
    - Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
    - Lifecycle Management

    Authentication
    - Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
    - Single Sign-On (SSO)

    Access Control
    - Access Control Lists (ACLs)
    - Policy Enforcement
    Prevents Unauthorized Access
    Limits Damage from Breaches
    Enforces Accountability
    Facilitates Compliance
    Awareness and Training Security Awareness Programs
    Security Training
    Phishing Simulations
    Role-Based Training
    Continuous Learning
    Reduces Human Error
    Empowers Employees
    Strengthens Security Culture
    Supports Compliance
    Data Security Encrypt sensitive customer data both in transit and at rest. Ensure that encryption keys are securely managed
    Data Classification
    Data Encryption
    Access Controls
    Data Masking and Tokenization
    Data Backup and Recovery
    Data Retention and Disposal
    Data Loss Prevention (DLP)
    Confidentiality
    Integrity
    Availability
    Compliance
    Platform Security Secure Configuration
    Vulnerability Management
    Malware Defenses
    Secure Coding Practices
    Data Protection at Rest and in Transit
    Reduced Attack Surface
    Timely Vulnerability Management
    Proactive Malware Defense
    Secure Software Development
    Data Protection
    Technology Infrastructure Resilience Data Backup
    Recovery Planning
    Redundancy
    Resilient Design
    Physical Protection
    Minimizes Downtime
    Protects Data
    Ensures Business Continuity
  4. Detect: The Detect function monitors and detects cybersecurity events.

    Category Key points Security Enhancements
    Continuous Monitoring Real-Time Monitoring
    Alerting and Notifications
    Security Information and Event Management (SIEM)
    Anomaly Detection
    Vulnerability Scanning
    Threat Intelligence
    Change Detection
    Early Threat Detection
    Improved Incident Response
    Enhanced Situational Awareness
    Compliance
    Adverse Event Analysis Event Correlation
    Impact and Scope Assessment
    Root Cause Analysis
    Incident Declaration
    Threat Intelligence Integration
    Information Sharing
    Accurate Incident Identification
    Targeted Response
    Proactive Risk Mitigation
    Improved Situational Awareness
    Collaboration and Information Sharing
  5. Respond: The Respond function involves responding to detected cybersecurity events.

    Category Key points Security Enhancements
    Incident Management Incident Response Plan
    Incident Triage and Analysis
    Containment and Eradication
    Recovery
    Lessons Learned
    Communication
    Minimizes Impact
    Facilitates Recovery
    Improves Security Posture
    Maintains Stakeholder Confidence
    Incident Analysis Comprehensive Investigation
    Root Cause Identification
    Impact Assessment
    Evidence Preservation
    Threat Actor Profiling
    Communication and Collaboration
    Effective Containment and Eradication
    Informed Decision-Making
    Improved Security Posture
    Proactive Threat Detection
    Legal and Compliance Support
    Incident Response Reporting and Communication Internal Reporting
    External Reporting
    Stakeholder Communication
    Public Communication
    Lessons Learned
    Post-Incident Activities
    Facilitates Timely Response
    Minimizes Damage
    Enhances Collaboration
    Supports Compliance
    Promotes Continuous Improvement
    Incident Mitigation Containment Strategies
    Eradication
    Activity Monitoring
    Protective Technology
    Coordination and Communication
    Limits Impact
    Enables Faster Recovery
    Improves Security Posture
    Demonstrates Preparedness
  6. Recover: The Recovery function involves restoring systems and assets affected by a cybersecurity event.

    Category Key points Security Enhancements
    Incident Recovery Plan Execution Plan Activation
    Resource Coordination
    Prioritization
    System Restoration
    Testing and Validation
    Communication
    Plan Review and Improvement
    Minimizes Downtime
    Ensures Business Continuity
    Protects Data
    Facilitates Continuous Improvement
    Incident Recovery Communication Internal Communication
    External Communication
    Stakeholder Updates
    Lessons Learned
    Facilitates Coordinated Response
    Minimizes Disruption
    Maintains Trust and Confidence
    Supports Continuous Improvement

Implementation Tiers of CSF

The NIST CSF implementation tiers are designed to help organizations understand the maturity of their cybersecurity risk management programs. The tiers range from 1 to 4, with each tier representing a different level of cybersecurity maturity:

  1. Tier 1: Partial: The organization uses informal procedures and knows very little about cybersecurity procedures and threats, with minimal internal cybersecurity coordination.
  2. Tier 2: Risk Informed: The organization has established policies and defined risk management procedures that are known to the entire organization. Procedures are reviewed frequently to match the needs of the business.
  3. Tier 3: Repeatable: Same as Risk informed but with established procedures and consistent review and update
  4. Tier 4: Adaptive: The organization prioritizes dynamically responding to changing risks and threats and continuously improving its cybersecurity procedures based on lessons learned.

Profiles of NIST CSF

The third primary component of NIST CSF is profiles. We create current and target profiles. The profile can be of the whole organization, any product, or any business unit where we want to improve the security posture. To create a profile, we need to understand the business requirements, sync with various teams, perform gap analysis, and create a detailed plan on how to fix the gaps identified and reach the target profile. There are multiple milestones to reach the target stage.

NIST Profiles

Best practices for maintaining NIST CSF Compliance in the cloud

  1. Know your cloud service provider's security measures: The first step towards maintaining NIST CSF compliance in the cloud is understanding your cloud service provider's security measures and the service alignment with the NIST CSF framework. All major cloud service providers have stringent security controls in place, but it is important to familiarize yourself with them and ensure they align with the NIST CSF framework.

  2. Use encryption for data protection: Encryption is a key component of data protection and a crucial aspect of NIST CSF compliance. Make sure all sensitive data stored or transmitted on your cloud infrastructure is encrypted using approved algorithms. This includes data at rest as well as data in transit.

  3. Implement access controls: Controlling access to resources within your cloud environment is vital for maintaining NIST CSF compliance. Utilize Identity and Access Management (IAM) tools provided by your cloud service provider to manage user permissions and privileges effectively.

  4. Regularly monitor your cloud environment: Monitoring your cloud infrastructure regularly helps detect any potential vulnerabilities or suspicious activities that could compromise your organization's security posture. Set up alerts to track any unusual activity or changes made within your environment.

  5. Conduct regular risk assessments: Conducting regular risk assessments allows you to identify potential risks within your environment and take steps to mitigate them before they turn into serious threats. This practice also aligns with one of the core functions of the NIST CSF - Identity.

  6. Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA): MFA adds an extra layer of security to user authentication by requiring additional verification methods, such as a one-time password or biometric scan. This helps prevent unauthorized access and is recommended by the NIST CSF framework.

  7. Keep your cloud infrastructure up-to-date: Regularly updating your cloud infrastructure and applications is crucial for maintaining NIST CSF-2.0 compliance. By doing this, the likelihood of a cyberattack is decreased by ensuring that any known vulnerabilities are patched.

Following these best practices will help organizations maintain NIST CSF compliance in their cloud environment and ensure the security of their critical assets and information. It is also important to note that maintaining compliance is an ongoing process, and regular audits should be conducted to identify any gaps or areas for improvement. By staying vigilant and following these practices, businesses can strengthen their security posture and protect themselves from potential cyber threats in the cloud.

Various public cloud services aligned with NIST CSF 2.0

When using the public cloud, there are multiple native services available that can help us align with the NIST CSF and improve the overall security posture. The table below maps the cloud services with the primary functions of NIST primary functions. Below is a list of various native services supported by various cloud providers at the time we were writing the blog.

CSF Function AWS GCP Azure
Govern AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
AWS Organizations
AWS CloudTrail
AWS Config
AWS Artifact
AWS Compliance Center
Security Command Center
Policy Intelligence
Cloud deployment manager
Supply chain (GKE Security posture)
Policy Compliance(GKE Security posture)
Azure Policy
Azure Blueprints
Azure Compliance Manager
Azure Security Center
Azure Monitor
Azure Governance Visualizer (AzGovViz)
Microsoft Compliance Score
Identify AWS Config
AWS CloudTrail
Amazon Inspector
AWS Risk and Compliance Program:
AWS Cloud Adoption Framework (CAF)
Cloud identity and access management
Cloud asset inventory
Security command center
GKE security posture
Azure Security Center
Azure Active Directory (Azure AD)
Azure Policy
Azure Blueprints
Azure Advisor
Protect AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)
Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
AWS Key Management Service (KMS)
AWS Shield
AWS WAF
Amazon GuardDuty
AWS Certificate Manager
AWS CloudTrail
AWS Config
Cloud identity and access management
Vpc service controls
Shielded VM’s
Security Command Center
Policy Intelligence
Cloud deployment manager
Access approval API
Azure Active Directory (Azure AD)
Azure Information Protection
Azure Security Center
Azure Firewall
Azure Key Vault
Azure Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
Azure Virtual Network
Detect Amazon GuardDuty
AWS CloudTrail
Amazon Macie
AWS Network Firewall
Amazon CloudWatch
AWS Config
Security Command Center
Event threat detection
Cloud logging and cloud monitoring
GKE Security posture
Azure Security Center
Azure Sentinel
Azure Monitor
Microsoft Defender for Cloud (formerly Azure Security Center)
Respond AWS Lambda
Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS)
AWS CloudWatch
AWS Step Functions
AWS Security Hub
Amazon Detective
Security Command Center
Event threat detection
Cloud functions and pub/sub
Cloud logging and cloud monitoring
Azure Security Center
Azure Sentinel
Azure Monitor
Microsoft Defender for Endpoint
Azure Logic Apps
Recover AWS Backup
Amazon S3 Glacier
AWS CloudFormation
Amazon Route 53
AWS Elastic Beanstalk
AWS CloudEndure Disaster Recovery
Google cloud storage
Persistent disk storage
Cloud SQL backups
Cloud KMS
Google Kubernetes Engine(GKE) backups
Disaster recovery planning guide
Azure Backup
Azure Site Recovery
Azure Storage

Final words

NIST CSF-2.0 is an impressive framework that covers all aspects of cybersecurity, its redesigned structure now involves and focuses on topics that were taken lightly in the past by organizations like open source compliance management. It is the cherry on top of current best practices which can guide organizations to streamline their cybersecurity posture.

I hope you found this blog post informative and engaging. I’d love to hear your thoughts on this post. Let’s connect and start a conversation on LinkedIn. Looking for help with securing your infrastructure or want to outsource DevSecOps to the experts? Learn why so many startups & enterprises consider us as one of the best DevSecOps consulting & services companies.

References

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