Spring Security Architecture fundamentals

Authentication and authorization are fundamental to the security of a web applications. While authentication determines if the user can be identified by the system, Authorization determines if the user has the access to the specific resource.

Authentication as well as authorization design paradigm is continuously evolving. The main reason behind it is the continuous evolution in different methods of exploits used against the applications.

Spring security tries to solve this problem by packaging all the possible solutions together.

The purpose of this article is to provide a high level understanding of spring security architecture for Servlet applications. It may not help you to immediately implement spring security in your application but it would definitely help you in the subsequent steps when you dive deeper.

Filter pattern in spring security

Spring security for the web applications use the filter pattern to implement different type of security solution. At the very core of it are Servlet filters. Spring framework provides DelegatingFilterProxy filter and Spring security adds FilterChainProxy filter on top of it. Both these filters are pivotal in Spring security.

Spring Security Filter architecture

DelegatingFilterProxy Filter

Similar to the Servlet filters, the Spring security filters are implementFilter interface but they are also Spring beans which means they are managed by Spring ApplicationContext.

Since these filters are not registered via Servlet container standards(configured in web.xml), the servlet Container is not aware of them.

Spring provides DelegatingFilterProxy filter which sits in the filter chain. It bridges the Servlet containers lifecycle and Spring ApplicationContext.

When a request is delegated to DelegatingFilterProxy. It looks up bean filters from the application context and then invokes the relevant bean filter. DelegatingFilterProxy filter also allows for delayed bean Filter lookup.

FilterChainProxy Filter

Spring security provides a special bean filter named as FilterChainProxy. This filter is a single entry point which enables spring security for a web application.

It allows delegating request through a set of filters bundled as SecurityFilterChain. In order to determine which Spring Security Filter’s should be invoked, FilterChainProxy uses SecurityFilterChain. There could be multiple SecurityFilterChains present.

FilterChainProxy is also used to perform some security specific task such as clearing SecurityContext. FilterChainProxy is more flexible than traditional Servlet Filters. It can determine which securityFilterchain to invoke by leveraging the RequestMatcher interface.

SecurityFilterChain

It is a list of security filters which are also Spring managed beans. These are registered with FilterChainProxy. The advantage of being registered with SecurityFilterChain are following:

FilterChainProxy leverages RequestMatcher interface to determine invocation based upon anything in ServletRequest including the URL. Incase of multiple SecurityFilterChains, FilterChainProxy can determine which SecurityFilterChain should be used. It also clears SecurityContext to avoid any memory leaks.

Customizing the default SecurityFilterChain

Spring security creates an instance of WebSecurity via WebSecurityConfiguration. WebSecurity is responsible for creating an instance of FilterChainProxy filter.

We can create customizations to the built-in functionality by —

• Either extending WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter and exposing it as a Configuration
• Or implementing WebSecurityConfigurer and exposing it as a Configuration.

This configuration is imported when using @EnableWebSecurity annotation.

AuthenticationEntryPoint

• When a client sends a request without authentication credentials, an implementation of AuthenticationEntryPoint will be used to send the response to the client to ask for credentials.

The AuthenticationEntryPoint implementation might perform a redirect to a log in page , respond with an WWW-Authenticat e header, etc.

AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter

This is the base filter used for authenticating the requests. When the user request comes in

• If it has credentials pre-populated, the implementation of AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter is directly called.
• If the credentials are not populated, the implementation of AuthenticationEntryPoint is called first to request credentials from the client
  • After that AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter is directly called.

Authentication Architecture API

AuthenticationManager

This is a strategy interface which provides the API to perform authentication. It is invoked by spring security filters. The authentication object that is returned is set on SecurityContextHolder.

It basically checks the authentication and decides

• If the principle is valid
• If the principle is invalid
• If the authentication is null

Incase, Security Filters are not used such as when using user-defined filters, Authentication can be set on SecurityContextHolder manually.

ProviderManager

It is common implementation of AuthenticationManager. It delegates to a list of AuthenticationProviders. Each AuthenticationProvider has the opportunity to authenticate as well as to show that it can not.

It also allows an optional parent AuthenticationManager. If no AuthenticationProvider are provided, the parent AuthenticationManager is consulted for authentication.

If no authenticationProviders can authenticate, authentication fails.

AuthenticationProvider

Its implementations performs a specific type of authentication. For example, DaoAuthenticationProvider supports username/password based authentication while JwtAuthenticationProvider supports authenticating a JWT token.

SecurityContextHolder

This object contains the authentication information about a request.

It contains SecurityContext which by default is a threadLocal object. thus every request thread has its own SecurityContext object.

SecurityContextHolder API Diagram

Security Context

The securityContext object contains Authentication Object. The Authentication object serves two main purposes within Spring Security —

It acts as an input to AuthenticationManager to provide the credentials a user has provided to authenticate.

  AuthenticationManager.authenticate(Authentication authentication)

It also represents the currently authenticated user. The current Authentication can be obtained from the SecurityContext.

  SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication()

Authentication provides the below details regarding an authenticated user:

• Principal — which identifies the user. When authenticating with a username/password this is often an instance of UserDetails interface.
• Credentials — is basically the password
• GrandtedAuthorities — provide the authorization scope for the principal. It is fine grained scope for authorization. GrantedAuthorities can be obtained from the Authentication.getAuthorities() method.

if you have reached this far and want to explore more on spring security. Here are a few posts to get you going.

• username and password authentication using form-based login
• In-Memory Authentication using DaoAuthenticationProvider
• JPA implemenation of UserDetailsService For DaoAuthenticationProvider