Multiple Database Configuration for Microservices in Spring Boot: A Comprehensive Guide
In modern microservice architectures, it's common to have services that need to interact with multiple databases. This could be due to various reasons such as legacy system integration, different types of data storage needs, or simply for optimizing performance. Spring Boot, with its flexible configuration and powerful data access libraries, makes it straightforward to configure multiple databases. In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore how to set up and manage multiple database connections in a Spring Boot microservice.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Why Use Multiple Databases?
- Setting Up a Spring Boot Project
- Configuring Multiple Data Sources
- Creating Data Source Configuration Classes
- Defining Entity Managers
- Creating Repositories
- Testing the Configuration
- Conclusion
1. Introduction
Microservices often need to interact with various databases. Each microservice might require a different type of database, such as an SQL database for transactional data and a NoSQL database for unstructured data. Spring Boot provides excellent support for configuring and managing multiple data sources, making it an ideal choice for modern microservice architectures.
2. Why Use Multiple Databases?
There are several reasons why you might need to use multiple databases in a microservice:
- Legacy System Integration: Integrating with existing databases that are part of legacy systems.
- Optimized Performance: Using different databases optimized for specific types of data (e.g., relational vs. non-relational).
- Data Segregation: Separating data for security, compliance, or organizational reasons.
- Scalability: Distributing the data load across different databases to improve performance.
3. Setting Up a Spring Boot Project
To get started, create a new Spring Boot project. You can use Spring Initializr or your preferred IDE to set up the project.
Maven Dependencies
In your pom.xml, include dependencies for Spring Data JPA and the databases you will use (e.g., H2 for in-memory, PostgreSQL, MySQL, etc.).
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
<artifactId>h2</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
<artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- Add other database dependencies as needed -->
</dependencies>
4. Configuring Multiple Data Sources
In the application.yml or application.properties file, configure the connection properties for each database.
application.yml
spring:
datasource:
primary:
url: jdbc:h2:mem:primarydb
driver-class-name: org.h2.Driver
username: sa
password: password
secondary:
url: jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/secondarydb
driver-class-name: org.postgresql.Driver
username: postgres
password: password
jpa:
primary:
database-platform: org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialect
hibernate:
ddl-auto: update
secondary:
database-platform: org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQLDialect
hibernate:
ddl-auto: update
5. Creating Data Source Configuration Classes
Next, create separate configuration classes for each data source.
Primary Data Source Configuration
package com.example.config;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter;
import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories(
basePackages = "com.example.primary.repository",
entityManagerFactoryRef = "primaryEntityManagerFactory",
transactionManagerRef = "primaryTransactionManager"
)
public class PrimaryDataSourceConfig {
@Bean(name = "primaryDataSource")
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.datasource.primary")
public DataSource primaryDataSource() {
return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
}
@Bean(name = "primaryEntityManagerFactory")
public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean primaryEntityManagerFactory(
@Qualifier("primaryDataSource") DataSource dataSource) {
LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean em = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();
em.setDataSource(dataSource);
em.setPackagesToScan(new String[] { "com.example.primary.entity" });
HibernateJpaVendorAdapter vendorAdapter = new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter();
em.setJpaVendorAdapter(vendorAdapter);
return em;
}
@Bean(name = "primaryTransactionManager")
public PlatformTransactionManager primaryTransactionManager(
@Qualifier("primaryEntityManagerFactory") EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory) {
return new JpaTransactionManager(entityManagerFactory);
}
}
Secondary Data Source Configuration
package com.example.config;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.ConfigurationProperties;
import org.springframework.boot.jdbc.DataSourceBuilder;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.config.EnableJpaRepositories;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean;
import org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaVendorAdapter;
import org.springframework.transaction.PlatformTransactionManager;
import javax.persistence.EntityManagerFactory;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
@Configuration
@EnableJpaRepositories(
basePackages = "com.example.secondary.repository",
entityManagerFactoryRef = "secondaryEntityManagerFactory",
transactionManagerRef = "secondaryTransactionManager"
)
public class SecondaryDataSourceConfig {
@Bean(name = "secondaryDataSource")
@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.datasource.secondary")
public DataSource secondaryDataSource() {
return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
}
@Bean(name = "secondaryEntityManagerFactory")
public LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean secondaryEntityManagerFactory(
@Qualifier("secondaryDataSource") DataSource dataSource) {
LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean em = new LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean();
em.setDataSource(dataSource);
em.setPackagesToScan(new String[] { "com.example.secondary.entity" });
HibernateJpaVendorAdapter vendorAdapter = new HibernateJpaVendorAdapter();
em.setJpaVendorAdapter(vendorAdapter);
return em;
}
@Bean(name = "secondaryTransactionManager")
public PlatformTransactionManager secondaryTransactionManager(
@Qualifier("secondaryEntityManagerFactory") EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory) {
return new JpaTransactionManager(entityManagerFactory);
}
}
6. Defining Entity Managers
Define entity classes for each database. Make sure to place them in the respective packages specified in the configuration classes.
Primary Database Entity
package com.example.primary.entity;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
@Entity
public class PrimaryEntity {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String name;
// getters and setters
}
Secondary Database Entity
package com.example.secondary.entity;
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.GenerationType;
import javax.persistence.Id;
@Entity
public class SecondaryEntity {
@Id
@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)
private Long id;
private String description;
// getters and setters
}
7. Creating Repositories
Create repository interfaces for each database, ensuring they are placed in the correct packages as configured.
Primary Repository
package com.example.primary.repository;
import com.example.primary.entity.PrimaryEntity;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
public interface PrimaryRepository extends JpaRepository<PrimaryEntity, Long> {
}
Secondary Repository
package com.example.secondary.repository;
import com.example.secondary.entity.SecondaryEntity;
import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
public interface SecondaryRepository extends JpaRepository<SecondaryEntity, Long> {
}
8. Testing the Configuration
Finally, create a simple REST controller to test the setup. This controller will use both repositories to perform CRUD operations.
Sample Controller
package com.example.controller;
import com.example.primary.entity.PrimaryEntity;
import com.example.primary.repository.PrimaryRepository;
import com.example.secondary.entity.SecondaryEntity;
import com.example.secondary.repository.SecondaryRepository;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class TestController {
@Autowired
private PrimaryRepository primaryRepository;
@Autowired
private SecondaryRepository secondaryRepository;
@GetMapping("/test")
public String test() {
PrimaryEntity primaryEntity = new PrimaryEntity();
primaryEntity.setName("Primary Entity");
primaryRepository.save(primaryEntity);
SecondaryEntity secondaryEntity = new SecondaryEntity();
secondaryEntity.setDescription("Secondary Entity");
secondaryRepository.save(secondaryEntity);
return "Entities saved!";
}
}
Running the Application
Run
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