Recently, some of the npm packages I was using together with Serverless Framework had upgraded to 'pure ESM'. This meant that they no longer supported the older CommonJS require syntax and I needed to figure out how get Webpack to bundle everything up nicely again to deploy as a CommonJS AWS lambda.
My own code also used modern, ES6 style import/export statements:
import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client';
import { map } from 'lodash';
import prettyMilliseconds from 'pretty-ms';
const prisma = new PrismaClient();
export const animals = async () => {
const startTime = new Date();
const frens = await prisma.animal.findMany();
return {
statusCode: 200,
body: JSON.stringify(
{
frens: map(frens, 'name').join(' & '),
runTime:
prettyMilliseconds(new Date() - startTime),
},
null,
2
),
};
};
Since I was using serverless-webpack along with Prisma's serverless-webpack-prisma helper, a bit of extra Webpack config setup was needed to get it all using the same module syntax without the usual dreaded 'Unexpected token export' or import error from Node.
Initial setup
First, we tell serverless-webpack to include npm modules in the bundle it creates in serverless.yml:
custom:
webpack:
includeModules: true
Next, we tell Webpack to create a CommonJS target in webpack.config.js. I chose commonjs2 as a target, but commonjs works too:
output: {
libraryTarget: 'commonjs2',
filename: '[name].js',
path: path.resolve(__dirname, '.webpack'),
}
Then we use babel-loader with Webpack to transpile ES6+ syntax (including my own code) into CommonJS.
You typically tell babel-loader to exclude anything in the node_modules folder from being transpiled, because this would otherwise slow down the whole bundling process. In our case however, we only want to exclude everything but those npm packages that have switched to pure ESM, because we want Babel to still transpile them into CommonJS.
We could create a complex regular expression to define this exclude condition, but babel-loader-exclude-node-modules-except comes in very handy here. We get a nice readable array of all the affected modules:
const babelLoaderExcludeNodeModulesExcept
= require('babel-loader-exclude-node-modules-except');
// ...
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.js$/,
exclude: babelLoaderExcludeNodeModulesExcept(
['pretty-ms', 'parse-ms']
),
loader: 'babel-loader',
},
],
}
You could just skip the exclude option entirely, then everything gets transpiled, but doing it this way is better for performance.
I knew that pretty-ms had recently gone pure ESM, but it's important we also identify any of their dependencies that are pure ESM too (like parse-ms), or we'll eventually run into this error:
{
"errorMessage": "require() of ES Module /Users/joostschuur/Code/Personal/_Tests/serverless-prisma-esm/node_modules/parse-ms/index.js from /Users/joostschuur/Code/Personal/_Tests/serverless-prisma-esm/.webpack/service/src/handler.js not supported.\nInstead change the require of index.js in /Users/joostschuur/Code/Personal/_Tests/serverless-prisma-esm/.webpack/service/src/handler.js to a dynamic import() which is available in all CommonJS modules."
}
One way to do that is to just keep adding more modules to the list based on their name in the error message, until you stop getting an error.
Finally, we also need to make sure that Webpack doesn't ignore our transpiled packages via the externals setting. Even though Babel transpiled them, it's common to use webpack-node-externals to generate a list of externals for us. By default this will include anything from node_modules. Since externals are not included in the bundle, this would mean that our transpiled pure ESM packages would not be used.
To solve this, we can use the allowlist option to still bundle certain packages. This then uses the CommonJS versions that were created by babel-loader.
We also need to specifically match things like formdata-polyfill/esm.min.js which can get imported, but not conflate date-fns with da†e-fns-tz, so we're using a regular expression array for the allowlist.
const nodeExternals = require('webpack-node-externals');
const pureESMDependencies = ['pretty-ms', 'parse-ms'];
\\ ....
externals: [nodeExternals({
allowlist: pureESMDependencies
.map((dep) => RegExp(`^${dep}(/.*)?$`))
})],
Putting it all together
All in all, here is the complete webpack.config.js with the pure ESM modules defined in a reusable list and some other required (heh) settings:
const path = require('path');
const babelLoaderExcludeNodeModulesExcept =
require('babel-loader-exclude-node-modules-except');
const nodeExternals = require('webpack-node-externals');
const slsw = require('serverless-webpack');
const pureESMModules = ['pretty-ms', 'parse-ms'];
module.exports = {
target: 'node',
stats: 'normal',
entry: slsw.lib.entries,
externals: [nodeExternals({
allowlist: pureESMDependencies
.map((dep) => RegExp(`^${dep}(/.*)?$`))
})],
mode: slsw.lib.webpack.isLocal ? 'development' : 'production',
optimization: { concatenateModules: false },
resolve: { extensions: ['.js'] },
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.js$/,
exclude: babelLoaderExcludeNodeModulesExcept(pureESMModules),
use: {
loader: 'babel-loader',
options: {
cacheDirectory: true,
},
},
},
],
},
output: {
libraryTarget: 'commonjs2',
filename: '[name].js',
path: path.resolve(__dirname, '.webpack'),
},
};
This is the accompanying .babelrc file, although plugin-transform-runtime is optional for what we're doing here:
{
"plugins": ["@babel/plugin-transform-runtime"],
"presets": ["@babel/preset-env"]
}
Once deployed (or previewed locally with serverless-offline), our API endpoint now shows the expected output, featuring our lovable sea mammal frens:
{
"frens": "Bobby & Lola",
"runTime": "70ms"
}
You can check out the full prototype on GitHub.
Bonus: Programmatically Identifying ESM modules
Manually tracking down any pure ESM modules in your project can be annoying, so eventually, I went and automated this part too using webpack-node-module-types. Details in an answer to my own Stack Overflow question.
The journey was the reward
Figuring this out was ultimately a lot of fun. So much fun I'm writing my first blog post in a long time!
Initially, I was stumped and actually tried to make it work the other way around by producing an ESM bundle (now supported by AWS). I even wrote half of a Stack Overflow post asking for help. In the process, I decided to try the CommonJS approach again and solved my problem before I even sent that post. Sound familiar to anyone?
For someone with ADHD like me, it was such a rewarding experience when it all started to make sense in my head. Once I thought through some of the interactions that the different pieces like babel-loader and webpack-node-externals had, a potential problem suddenly occurred to me and that led me to this solution. Maybe I got a little lucky, but I'm calling this a win!
I would encourage everyone to look for those moments of clarity when you gain a little deeper understanding of a topic and reap the rewards. Sometimes the steps along the way were all part of the learning process that and we can't take any shortcuts.
LearnByVideo.dev
The new side project this is for is LearnByVideo.dev. It's for developers to discover programming tutorial videos and curate shareable playlists. Those can then be used to organise new skills to learn, without ending up with dozens of ignored browser tabs :)
As part of that, I wanted to migrate the dedicated server based video update process to use long-running, scheduled serverless functions.
Right now, it's just a list of recent YouTube videos from over 750 curated developer channels. I've indexed more than 140,000 videos already and just added some neat infinite scrolling. You can already scroll to your heart's content and get a sense of all the amazing free video content out there to learn from:
Next up is tech stack categorisation, done in a similar way as on another side project of mine for discovering Twitch live coders.
If this project interests you, please follow @LearnByVideoDev or @joostschuur on Twitter.
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