This post originally appeared on the Human Who Codes blog on December 16, 2020.
In my last post, I walked you through the creation of the Promice.race() and Promise.any() methods, both of which work on multiple promises and return a single promise that indicates the result of the operation. This post continues on to discuss Promise.all() and Promise.allSettled(), two operations that are similar to one another as well as Promise.any(). Each of these methods use the same basic algorithm so if you're able to understand one of them then you can understand them all.
This is the sixth post in my series about creating JavaScript promises from scratch. If you haven't already read the previous posts, I'd suggest you do before continuing on:
- Part 1: Constructor
- Part 2: Resolving to a promise
- Part 3: then(), catch(), and finally()
- Part 4: Promise.resolve() and Promise.reject()
- Part 5: Promise.race() and Promise.any()
As a reminder, this series is based on my promise library, Pledge. You can view and download all of the source code from GitHub.
The Promise.all() method
The Promise.all() method is the essentially the inverse of the Promise.any() method (discussed in part 5): it returns a rejected promise if any of the promises is rejected and returns a promise that is fulfilled to an array of promise results if all promises are fulfilled. Here are a couple examples:
const promise1 = Promise.all([
Promise.resolve(42),
Promise.reject(43),
Promise.resolve(44)
]);
promise1.catch(reason => {
console.log(reason); // 43
});
const promise2 = Promise.all([
Promise.resolve(42),
Promise.resolve(43),
Promise.resolve(44)
]);
promise2.then(value => {
console.log(value[0]); // 42
console.log(value[1]); // 43
console.log(value[2]); // 44
});
Because Promise.all() is so closely related to Promise.any(), you can actually implement it using essentially the same algorithm.
Creating the Pledge.all() method
The specification[1] for Promise.all() describes the same basic algorithm that you've already seen for Promise.race() and Promise.any().
class Pledge {
// other methods omitted for space
static all(iterable) {
const C = this;
const pledgeCapability = new PledgeCapability(C);
let iteratorRecord;
try {
const pledgeResolve = getPledgeResolve(C);
iteratorRecord = getIterator(iterable);
const result = performPledgeAll(iteratorRecord, C, pledgeCapability, pledgeResolve);
return result;
} catch (error) {
let result = new ThrowCompletion(error);
if (iteratorRecord && iteratorRecord.done === false) {
result = iteratorClose(iteratorRecord, result);
}
pledgeCapability.reject(result.value);
return pledgeCapability.pledge;
}
}
// other methods omitted for space
}
I've explained this algorithm in detail in part 5, so I'm going to skip right to discussing the PerformPromiseAll() [2] operation and how I've implemented it as performPledgeAll().
As I've already mentioned, this algorithm is so close to PerformPromiseAny()[3] that it's almost copy-and-paste. The first difference is that instead of tracking rejected values, you instead track fulfilled values (so the array is named values instead of errors). Then, instead of attaching a common fulfillment handler and a custom rejection handler, you attach a custom fulfillment handler and a common rejection handler. The last difference is that instead of tracking remaining elements so you can reject an array of errors, you track remaining elements to so you can fulfill an array of values. All of that is wrapped in the wacky iteration algorithm just as in Promise.any(). Here's the code:
function performPledgeAll(iteratorRecord, constructor, resultCapability, pledgeResolve) {
assertIsConstructor(constructor);
assertIsCallable(pledgeResolve);
// in performPledgeAny, this is the errors array
const values = [];
const remainingElementsCount = { value: 1 };
let index = 0;
while (true) {
let next;
try {
next = iteratorStep(iteratorRecord);
} catch (error) {
iteratorRecord.done = true;
resultCapability.reject(error);
return resultCapability.pledge;
}
if (next === false) {
remainingElementsCount.value = remainingElementsCount.value - 1;
if (remainingElementsCount.value === 0) {
// in performPledgeAny, this is where you reject errors
resultCapability.resolve(values);
}
return resultCapability.pledge;
}
let nextValue;
try {
nextValue = iteratorValue(next);
} catch (error) {
iteratorRecord.done = true;
resultCapability.reject(error);
return resultCapability.pledge;
}
values.push(undefined);
const nextPledge = pledgeResolve.call(constructor, nextValue);
// in performPledgeAny, you'd create a reject element
const resolveElement = createPledgeAllResolveElement(index, values, resultCapability, remainingElementsCount);
remainingElementsCount.value = remainingElementsCount.value + 1;
// in performPledgeAny, you'd attach resultCapability.resolve
// and a custom reject element
nextPledge.then(resolveElement, resultCapability.reject);
index = index + 1;
}
}
I've commented in the code the differences from performPledgeAny() so hopefully you can see that there really isn't a big difference. You'll also find that the createPledgeAllResolveElement() function (which implements the Promise.all Resolve Element Functions algorithm[4]) is very similar to the createPledgeAnyRejectElement() function:
function createPledgeAllResolveElement(index, values, pledgeCapability, remainingElementsCount) {
const alreadyCalled = { value: false };
return x => {
if (alreadyCalled.value) {
return;
}
alreadyCalled.value = true;
values[index] = x;
remainingElementsCount.value = remainingElementsCount.value - 1;
if (remainingElementsCount.value === 0) {
return pledgeCapability.resolve(values);
}
};
}
The createPledgeAllResolveElement() function returns a function that is used as the fulfillment handler for the promise returned from Pledge.all(). The x variable is the fulfilled value and is stored in the values array when available. When there are no further elements remaining, a resolved pledge is returned with the entire values array.
Hopefully you can now see the relationship between Promise.any() and Promise.all(). The Promise.any() method returns a rejected promise with an array of values (wrapped in an AggregateError) when all of the promises are rejected and a fulfilled promise with the value from the first fulfilled promise; the Promise.all() method returns a fulfilled promises with an array of fulfillment values when all of the promises are fulfilled and returns a rejected promise with the reason from the first rejected promise (if one exists). So for Promise.any(), you create a new promise and assign the same fulfillment handler to each promise that was passed in; for Promise.all(), you create a new promise and assign the same rejection handler to each promise that was passed in. Then, in Promise.any() you create a new rejection handler for each promise to track the rejection; for Promise.all() you create a new fulfillment handler for each promise to track fulfillments.
If it seems like Promise.any() and Promise.all() are just two sides of the same coin, then you are correct. The next step is to combine both of these methods into one, and that's what Promise.allSettled() does.
The Promise.allSettled() method
The Promise.allSettled() method is the last of the four promise methods that work on multiple promises. This method is unique because the promise returned is never rejected unless an error is thrown during the iteration step. Instead, Promise.allSettled() returns a promise that is fulfilled with an array of result objects. Each result object has two properties:
-
status- either"fulfilled"or"rejected" -
value- the value that was fulfilled or rejected
The result objects allow you to collect information about every promise's result in order to determine the next step to take. As such, Promise.allSettled() will take longer to complete than any of the other multi-promise methods because it has no short-circuiting behavior. Whereas Promise.race() returns as soon as the first promise is settled, Promise.any() returns as soon as the first promise is resolved, and Promise.all() returns as soon as the first promise is rejected, Promise.allSettled() must wait until all promises have settled. Here are some examples showing how Promise.allSettled() is used:
const promise1 = Promise.allSettled([
Promise.resolve(42),
Promise.reject(43),
Promise.resolve(44)
]);
promise1.then(values => {
console.log(values[0]); // { status: "fulfilled", value: 42 }
console.log(values[1]); // { status: "rejected", value: 43 }
console.log(values[2]); // { status: "fulfilled", value: 44 }
});
const promise2 = Promise.allSettled([
new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(42);
}, 500);
}),
Promise.reject(43),
Promise.resolve(44)
]);
promise2.then(values => {
console.log(values[0]); // { status: "fulfilled", value: 42 }
console.log(values[1]); // { status: "rejected", value: 43 }
console.log(values[2]); // { status: "fulfilled", value: 44 }
});
const promise3 = Promise.allSettled([
Promise.reject(42),
Promise.reject(43),
Promise.reject(44)
]);
promise3.then(values => {
console.log(values[0]); // { status: "rejected", value: 42 }
console.log(values[1]); // { status: "rejected", value: 43 }
console.log(values[2]); // { status: "rejected", value: 44 }
});
Notice that a fulfilled promise is returned even when all of the promises passed to Promise.allSettled() are rejected.
Creating the Pledge.allSettled() method
Once again, the Promise.allSettled() method follows the same basic algorithm[5] as the other three multi-promise methods, so the Pledge.allSettled() implementation is the same the others except for naming:
class Pledge {
// other methods omitted for space
static allSettled(iterable) {
const C = this;
const pledgeCapability = new PledgeCapability(C);
let iteratorRecord;
try {
const pledgeResolve = getPledgeResolve(C);
iteratorRecord = getIterator(iterable);
const result = performPledgeAllSettled(iteratorRecord, C, pledgeCapability, pledgeResolve);
return result;
} catch (error) {
let result = new ThrowCompletion(error);
if (iteratorRecord && iteratorRecord.done === false) {
result = iteratorClose(iteratorRecord, result);
}
pledgeCapability.reject(result.value);
return pledgeCapability.pledge;
}
}
// other methods omitted for space
}
The algorithm for the PerformPromiseAllSettled() operation[6] should look very familiar at this point. In fact, it is almost exactly the same as the PerformPromiseAll() operation. Just like PerformPromiseAll(), PerformPromiseAllSettled() uses a remainingElementsCount object to track how many promises must still be settled, and index variable to track where each result should go in the values array, and a values array to keep track of promise results. Unlike PerformPromiseAll(), the values stored in the values array in PerformPromiseAllSettled() are the result objects I mentioned in the previous section.
The other significant difference between PerformPromiseAll() and PerformPromiseAllSettled() is that the latter creates a custom rejection handler for each promise in addition to a custom fulfillment handler. Those handlers are also created using the same basic algorithm you've already seen in other multi-promise methods.
Without any further delay, here's the implementation of performPledgeAllSettled():
function performPledgeAllSettled(iteratorRecord, constructor, resultCapability, pledgeResolve) {
assertIsConstructor(constructor);
assertIsCallable(pledgeResolve);
const values = [];
const remainingElementsCount = { value: 1 };
let index = 0;
while (true) {
let next;
try {
next = iteratorStep(iteratorRecord);
} catch (error) {
iteratorRecord.done = true;
resultCapability.reject(error);
return resultCapability.pledge;
}
if (next === false) {
remainingElementsCount.value = remainingElementsCount.value - 1;
if (remainingElementsCount.value === 0) {
resultCapability.resolve(values);
}
return resultCapability.pledge;
}
let nextValue;
try {
nextValue = iteratorValue(next);
} catch (error) {
iteratorRecord.done = true;
resultCapability.reject(error);
return resultCapability.pledge;
}
values.push(undefined);
const nextPledge = pledgeResolve.call(constructor, nextValue);
const resolveElement = createPledgeAllSettledResolveElement(index, values, resultCapability, remainingElementsCount);
// the only significant difference from performPledgeAll is adding this
// custom rejection handler to each promise instead of resultCapability.reject
const rejectElement = createPledgeAllSettledRejectElement(index, values, resultCapability, remainingElementsCount);
remainingElementsCount.value = remainingElementsCount.value + 1;
nextPledge.then(resolveElement, rejectElement);
index = index + 1;
}
}
As you can see, the only significant change from performPledgeAll() is the addition of the rejectElement that is used instead of resultCapability.reject. Otherwise, the functionality is exactly the same. The heavy lifting is really done by the createPledgeAllSettledResolveElement() and createPledgeAllSettledRejectElement() functions. These functions represent the corresponding steps in the specification for Promise.allSettled Resolve Element Functions[7] and Promise.allSettled Reject Element Functions[8] and are essentially the same function with the notable exception that one specifies the result as "fulfilled" and the other specifies the result as "rejected". Here are the implementations:
function createPledgeAllSettledResolveElement(index, values, pledgeCapability, remainingElementsCount) {
const alreadyCalled = { value: false };
return x => {
if (alreadyCalled.value) {
return;
}
alreadyCalled.value = true;
values[index] = {
status: "fulfilled",
value: x
};
remainingElementsCount.value = remainingElementsCount.value - 1;
if (remainingElementsCount.value === 0) {
return pledgeCapability.resolve(values);
}
};
}
function createPledgeAllSettledRejectElement(index, values, pledgeCapability, remainingElementsCount) {
const alreadyCalled = { value: false };
return x => {
if (alreadyCalled.value) {
return;
}
alreadyCalled.value = true;
values[index] = {
status: "rejected",
value: x
};
remainingElementsCount.value = remainingElementsCount.value - 1;
if (remainingElementsCount.value === 0) {
return pledgeCapability.resolve(values);
}
};
}
You've already seen several of these functions at this point, so I'll just point out how these are different. First, even the reject element calls pledgeCapability.resolve() because the returned promise should never be rejected due to a passed-in promise being rejected. Next, the value inserted into the values array is an object instead of just x (as you saw in Promise.any() and Promise.all()). Both the resolve and reject elements are just inserting a result object into the values and array, and when there are no further promises to wait for, returns a resolved promise.
Wrapping Up
This post covered creating Promise.all() and Promise.allSettled() from scratch. These are the last two of the built-in methods that work on multiple promises (the previous two were covered in part 5). The Promise.all() method is essentially the inverse of the Promise.any() method: it returns a rejected promise if any of the promises is rejected and returns a promise that is fulfilled to an array of promise results if all promises are fulfilled. The Promise.allSettled() method combines aspects of Promise.all() and Promise.any() so that it almost always returns a fulfilled promise with an array of result objects containing the results of both fulfilled and rejected promises.
In the next, and final, part of this series, I'll be covering unhandled promise rejections.
All of this code is available in the Pledge on GitHub. I hope you'll download it and try it out to get a better understanding of promises.
References
- Promise.all ( iterable )
- PerformPromiseAll ( iteratorRecord, constructor, resultCapability, promiseResolve )
- PerformPromiseAny ( iteratorRecord, constructor, resultCapability, promiseResolve )
- Promise.all Resolve Element Functions
- Promise.allSettled ( iterable )
- PerformPromiseAllSettled ( iteratorRecord, constructor, resultCapability, promiseResolve )
- Promise.allSetled Resolve Element Functions
- Promise.allSetled Reject Element Functions
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