Protecting User Data: Encryption and Secure Storage in Frontend

In this digital age where virtual everything, from communication, and financial services to entertainment is moving to the web, the threat of data breaches and cyber-attacks has been increasing, since 2020 The rise of cyber-attacks has seen a 600% increase, this is worrisome because of the wide use of cloud-based technologies by almost all sectors. Web development is not free from the risk of cyber-attacks and data breaches. This is why securing websites and web applications, especially on the customers’ side is of great importance. Users need to be assured that the information and data they provide are safe from malicious cyber attacks. The front-end of your web application is the first part seen anytime someone uses it, and it’s also the first thing that an attacker sees—it's the main entry point of cyber attacks.
Over the past decade, the demands of Front-end security have increased tremendously. The sophistication of these attacks has taken a whole new level, they are now stealthier and harder to detect. In this article, we will learn how encryption will help us ensure security and safety on the front-end of our web applications.

Understanding Encryption
Encryption is the process of converting information into code, to mainly avoid unauthorized access. This process can be extremely simple or very complex, and mathematicians and computer scientists have developed specialized encryption techniques that are used to safeguard data and information that businesses and customers depend on daily.
Forms of Encryption
There are two main forms of encryption, symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption.

• Symmetric Encryption: In this form of encryption the sender and the receiver have access to the same key. So, the recipient requires the key to decrypt the message. This form of encryption works best for closed systems, which have less risk of third-party intrusion.
• Asymmetric Encryption: In this form of encryption, there are two keys for the encryption process, a public and a private key, which are mathematically linked. One key is used by the user for encryption and the other for decryption, though it doesn’t matter which you choose first.

Types of Encryption Algorithms
This is a set of mathematical rules and processes used to convert plaintext (unencrypted) data into ciphertext (encrypted) data, making it hard for unauthorized/harmful parties to access or know the original information without the proper decryption key. For frontend development, the best encryption algorithms are AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and RSA (Riley, Shamir, and Adleman).

• AES: This is a symmetric encryption algorithm used globally to secure data. It was established as a standard by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. It is a symmetric key algorithm, which means the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting the data.
• RSA: Data can be encrypted and decrypted using the well-liked and safe cryptographic technique RSA. It offers a safe way to send private information over the Internet. Despite many flaws, RSA is nevertheless used for a number of purposes, such as digital signatures that verify a message's origin.

Data Encryption in Frontend
Data encryption in front-end development is mostly done with AES and RSA encryption algorithms and HTTPS protocol which is used to encrypt data in transit for front-end development. HTTPS stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, and It is an addition to the HTTP protocol that includes authentication and encryption. To create a secure connection and encrypt data flowing back and forth between the client and server, HTTPS uses a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS). The communication cannot be intercepted, tampered with, or impersonated thanks to HTTPS, also JavaScript offers an in-built API for performing data encryption, known as the Web Cryptography API. This API provides a suite of cryptographic operations that include hashing, signature verification, key generation, and many more.

Symmetric Encryption in JavaScript
Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both encryption and decryption, making it fast and efficient for encrypting large amounts of data. In JavaScript, this is commonly implemented using libraries like CryptoJS for AES encryption.

const key = CryptoJS.enc.Utf8.parse('your-encryption-key');
const iv = CryptoJS.enc.Utf8.parse('your-iv-here');
const encrypted = CryptoJS.AES.encrypt('plaintext message', key, {
    iv: iv,
    mode: CryptoJS.mode.CBC,
    padding: CryptoJS.pad.Pkcs7
});
console.log(encrypted.toString());

Asymmetric Encryption in JavaScript
On the other hand, asymmetric encryption uses a pair of keys—a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. This method is secure for key exchange and communication between unknown parties and is often implemented in JavaScript using the Web Crypto API for RSA encryption.

async function generateKeyPair() {
    const keyPair = await crypto.subtle.generateKey(
        {
            name: "RSA-OAEP",
            modulusLength: 2048,
            publicExponent: new Uint8Array([1, 0, 1]),
            hash: "SHA-256"
        },
        true,
        ["encrypt", "decrypt"]
    );
    return keyPair;
}

async function encryptMessage(publicKey, message) {
    const encoder = new TextEncoder();
    const data = encoder.encode(message);
    const encrypted = await crypto.subtle.encrypt(
        {
            name: "RSA-OAEP"
        },
        publicKey,
        data
    );
    return encrypted;
}

generateKeyPair().then(({ publicKey }) => {
    encryptMessage(publicKey, 'plaintext message').then(encrypted => {
        console.log(new Uint8Array(encrypted));
    });
});

Secure Storage Practices in Frontend
In frontend development, There are two primary methods of frontend web storage: Local Storage and Session Storage, both part of the Web Storage API. Local Storage is a key-value store that moves data across browser sessions and allows long-term client-side data storage. Session Storage is a temporary key-value store that maintains data only for the duration of a single browser session.

Security Implications of both Options
Developers should exercise caution when storing sensitive data, like authentication tokens or personal information, in local storage because it is persistent between sessions and accessible from the same origin across all tabs and windows.
Session storage offers a more secure alternative for storing temporary data, lowering the danger of data exposure or leakage, thanks to its shorter lifespan and tab/window scope.

Encryption strategies for data stored in localStorage/sessionStorage.

• Encrypt Before Storing: Make sure to encrypt sensitive data before storing it in localStorage or sessionStorage.
• Use Strong Encryption Algorithms: Utilize robust encryption algorithms like AES for encrypting data.
• Key Management: Do not hard-code encryption keys in your JavaScript code. Use secure methods for key management.
• Encrypt and Decrypt When Necessary: Only decrypt data when absolutely necessary to minimize exposure.
• Rotate Keys Regularly: Periodically change encryption keys and re-encrypt stored data to enhance security.
• Use Nonce/IV: Always use a unique nonce or initialization vector (IV) for each encryption operation to ensure data integrity and security.
• Validate Data: Ensure the integrity and authenticity of decrypted data to prevent tampering.
• Consider Alternatives: For highly sensitive data, consider using secure cookies with HttpOnly and Secure flags instead of localStorage/sessionStorage.

Using IndexedDB as an Alternative for Secure Storage
With respect to localStorage, IndexedDB, a powerful client-side storage system included with HTML5, is far superior.

• Structured Data Storage:With IndexedDB, developers may store complicated data types including objects, arrays, and binary data without the need for serialization. This is made possible by the native storage of structured data in the browser.
• Asynchronous API: Promises and event-based APIs are used by IndexedDB to facilitate asynchronous, non-blocking operations. The asynchronous nature of the application improves its scalability and responsiveness.
• Large Storage Capacity: Compared to localStorage, IndexedDB offers a much bigger storage capacity, which makes it appropriate for applications handling big datasets or media files.
• Indexed Queries: Thanks to IndexedDB's support for indexed queries, data may be efficiently retrieved using predefined indexes. Performance of data retrieval is improved by this feature, particularly for applications requiring complicated querying.
• Cross-Browser Compatibility: All current browsers, including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge, support IndexedDB, guaranteeing consistent functionality across all platforms and scenarios.

Tips for Ensuring Frontend Data Security
Input Validation and Sanitization: The user's inputs must be checked to ensure they meet the desired format, structure, and constraints, before they are processed, so that every unwanted or harmful characters or codes are eliminated or replaced.

• Do not use Inline Scripts: It is essential to not use inline JavaScript, because inline scripts can execute arbitrary code and this can pose a great threat, so it is best to separate HTML from Javascript by using external JavaScript files.
• Content Security Policy: This is a security standard that ensures all external resources, such as scripts, stylesheets, and fonts, are from a legitimate source. It is key in preventing XSS attacks on a web application, which could potentially compromise user data and enable unauthorized actions.
• Authentication and authorization: This safeguards sensitive data, prevents unauthorized access, and ensures proper user roles and permissions. Developers must implement authorization controls like Attribute-based access control (ABAC) or role-based access control (RBAC) that assigns user roles and permissions.
• Encrypting Sensitive Data before storing: Every piece of sensitive data should be encrypted before they are stored, to prevent unauthorized access and malicious attacks.
• Proper Key Management: Keys should be securely generated, maintained, and stored by encryption.
• Audit Dependencies: Since third-party libraries, frameworks, and packages are often used in front-end development, auditing dependencies is crucial. If these dependencies are left unchecked, it can pose security risks. Package managers like npm or yarn can be used to audit dependencies, also tools like OSWAP Dependency-Check can be used to check for vulnerabilities.

Conclusion
In conclusion, in today's digital world, front-end development must prioritize protecting user data with encryption and secure storage. Because cyberattacks are becoming more sophisticated every day, it is crucial to put strong security measures in place to protect sensitive data. Encrypting data using symmetric and asymmetric methods like AES and RSA guarantees data security both in transit and storage. The security of client-side data is further improved by using secure storage techniques like encrypting data before putting it in localStorage or sessionStorage and considering alternatives like IndexedDB. Developers may greatly reduce the risk of data breaches by following best practices for input validation, content security regulations, and appropriate key management. In the end, giving frontend security top priority not only safeguards user data but also fosters trust and trust in web apps, promoting a more secure and safe online community.