DEV Community

Cover image for Microfrontends - Complete module federation example
Stefan Moraru
Stefan Moraru

Posted on • Updated on

Microfrontends - Complete module federation example

#rspack #react #modulefederation #tailwindcss

A complete example of module federation with rspack and an UI library, translations, pub/sub and many more.

You can find the code here: https://github.com/stefan-moraru/micropods.

Image description

Motivation

I have tried finding a complete example with module federation, but could only find bits and pieces scattered among multiple projects. Since even setting up libraries like tailwind can be cumbersome, I have decided to create a complete example.

Things that I wanted to have in the project:

  • An UI library (shacdn + tailwind)
  • A reusable way of talking with an API (react-query)
  • Translations (react-i18next)
  • An easy way of creating new modules (CLI)
  • A pub/sub system to enable cross-module communication (window events)

Architecture overview

Module list

The orchestrator module (it isn't actually a module, it is just a pnpm workspace that enables you to run all the projects at once).

The shell module contains the routing, the re-usable translations, some pub/sub listeners. It basically glues together all the modules.

The ui module exposes the shacdn components and also handles tailwind.

The server module exposes hooks that interact with an API.

The dashboard and invoices modules are just examples that use the UI, server, translations etc.

Folder structure 



micropods (root)
-- package.json
-- micropods.config.ts
-- pods
---- shell
---- ui
---- server
---- dashboard
---- invoices
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Module configuration

To achieve dynamic remotes all the modules had to import a file from the orchestrator module (the one which runs the projects). This meant that we can also create a wrapper on top of defineConfig to make things easier for us:



// invoices/rsbuild.config.ts

import { micropodConfig } from '../../micropods.config';

export default micropodConfig({
  name: 'pod_invioces',
  port: 3004,
  outputAssetPrefix: 'http://localhost:8004',
  exposes: {
    './App': './src/App.tsx',
    './translations': './translations.json',
  },
  remotes: [
    { name: 'pod_ui' },
    { name: 'pod_server' },
    { name: 'pod_dashboard' },
  ],
});
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 


// micropods.config.ts

export const micropodConfig = ({
  ...
}) =>
  defineConfig({
    plugins: [pluginReact()],
    ...
    tools: {
      rspack: {
        ...tools?.rspack,
        resolve: {
          alias: {
            "@": "src",
          },
        },
        ...
        plugins: [
          new ModuleFederationPlugin({
            name,
            dts: false,
            remotes: remotes && computeRemotes(remotes),
            shared: computeShared(),
            exposes,
          }),
        ],
      },
    },
  });
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Interaction with an API

Since most of the modules would be talking to the same API, a server module was created, which uses react-query behind the scenes:



// server/src/hooks/useData/useData.ts

const useData = () => {
  const { data, isPending, isError } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ['SERVER_USE_DATA'],
    queryFn: () => fetchData(),
  });

  return {
    data,
    isPending,
    isError,
  };
};

export default useData;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

The shell module, which contains the routing also creates the query context for react-query, by wrapping everything with ServerProvider, which is exposed by the server module:



// server/src/providers/ServerProvider.tsx

const ServerProvider = ({ children }: ServerProviderProps) => (
  <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>{children}</QueryClientProvider>
);

export default ServerProvider;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 


// shell/src/App.tsx

const App = () => (
  <ErrorBoundary fallback={<p>Something went wrong</p>}>
    <ServerProvider>
      <UIProvider>
        <RouterProvider router={router} />

        <Toaster />
      </UIProvider>
    </ServerProvider>
  </ErrorBoundary>
);
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Translations

To make it easier to use translations in modules, I have created additional properties on the window object, similar to the ones that exist already in i18n.

Since they re-use the same instance, all the labels will update when changing the language.



// shell/src/shared/translations.ts

const useTranslation = () => {
  const [, forceRerender] = useState<number>(0);

  const onLanguageChange = () => {
    forceRerender((r) => r + 1);
  };

  useEffect(() => {
    instance.on("languageChanged", onLanguageChange);

    return () => {
      instance.off("languageChanged", onLanguageChange);
    };
  }, []);

  return {
    t: instance.t,
  };
};

const changeLanguage = (language: string) => {
  instance.changeLanguage(language);
};

window.micropods = {
  ...window.micropods,
  translations: {
    useTranslation,
    changeLanguage,
  },
};
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

To use it in a module:



const {
  translations: { useTranslation },
} = window.micropods;

const { t } = useTranslation();

...

<h3>{t('pod_dashboard:welcomeMessage')}</h3>
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

All the translations are
Every module exports their translations in a translations.json file:



// dashboard/translations.json

{
  "en": {
    "pod_dashboard": {
      "welcomeMessage": "🇺🇸Hello! This is a translated message"
    }
  },
  "ro": {
    "pod_dashboard": {
      "welcomeMessage": "🇷🇴Buna! Acest mesaj este tradus"
    }
  }
}
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Then, they are imported and added to the i18n resource bundles automatically.

UI library / styling / tailwind

Tailwind

Integrating tailwind was a bit trickier since I wanted to keep all the UI-related logic inside the ui module.

To achieve this, the tailwind config was written as:



module.exports = {
  ...
  content: ['../*/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}'],
  ...
};
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

One drawback is that this relies on a specific folder structure (all the modules living next to the ui module). In my opinion, this is a small drawback since installing tailwind / configuring the theme in every module would have been way harder.

One benefit is that this generates a single CSS file, the theming is consistent and all the modules can use tailwind without installing it.

shacdn

Since shacdn lets you directly integrate the components, no magic was needed here. The ui module directly exports the components which can be imported in other modules.

Pub/sub

To facilitate cross-communication between modules, we can use CustomEvents & event listenrs from JavaScript directly.



window.dispatchEvent(
  new CustomEvent('pod_shell/notification', {
    detail: {
      type: 'success',
      content: 'Event sent from pod_dashboard: Hello world 🎉',
    },
  }),
);
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 


const onEvent = (event) => {
  if (event.detail.type === 'success') {
    toast.success(event.detail.content, {
      position: 'bottom-center',
    });
  }
};

window.addEventListener('pod_shell/notification', onEvent);
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

To further improve this, a custom wrapper can be developed on top of this, but for the scope of this example, this works perfectly.

Routing

All the modules export their main App, which can be easily included in the shell module:



import DashboardPod from 'pod_dashboard/App';
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 


{
  path: 'dashboard',
  element: (
    <Layout>
      <DashboardPod />
    </Layout>
  ),
},
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Problems that I've encountered

Note: Some of the code for the fixes might have been later improved, but the code examples should be enough to help you continue

Defining dynamic remote URLs based on the environment

By far the hardest issue I've had to solve when creating this project. The articles I've read all had different solutions, some of which didn't work.

Basically, when using module federation you have to specify a list of remotes (think of them as packages from which you can import components):



new ModuleFederationPlugin({
 name: 'pod_shell',
 remotes: {
   pod_ui: '@pod_ui@http://localhost:3001/mf-manifest.json',
   pod_dashboard: '@pod_dashboard@http://localhost:3002/mf-manifest.json',
   pod_server: '@pod_server@http://localhost:3003/mf-manifest.json',
   pod_invoices: '@pod_invoices@http://localhost:3004/mf-manifest.json',
  },
  shared: ['react', 'react-dom', 'react-query'],
}),
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

The main issue here is that when trying to build/preview the project, you'll see that module federation is still trying to fetch the modules from localhost .

To overcome that, in the shell (host) project, I have created a micropods.config.ts file which contains the list of all the remotes, based on environments:



const config = {
  development: {
    remotes: {
      pod_ui: "pod_ui@http://localhost:3001/mf-manifest.json",
      pod_dashboard: "pod_dashboard@http://localhost:3002/mf-manifest.json",
      pod_server: "pod_server@http://localhost:3003/mf-manifest.json",
      pod_invoices: "pod_invoices@http://localhost:3004/mf-manifest.json",
    },
  },
  production: {
    remotes: {
      pod_ui: "pod_ui@http://localhost:8001/mf-manifest.json",
      pod_dashboard: "pod_dashboard@http://localhost:8002/mf-manifest.json",
      pod_server: "pod_server@http://localhost:8003/mf-manifest.json",
      pod_invoices: "pod_invoices@http://localhost:8004/mf-manifest.json",
    },
  },
};

export default config;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Then, when configuring module federation for other modules, that file is imported and the remotes are defined like this:



import mpc from '../../micropods.config';

...
new ModuleFederationPlugin({
  name: 'pod_shell',
  remotes: {
    pod_ui: mpc[process.env.NODE_ENV].remotes.pod_ui,
    pod_dashboard: mpc[process.env.NODE_ENV].remotes.pod_dashboard,
    pod_server: mpc[process.env.NODE_ENV].remotes.pod_server,
    pod_invoices: mpc[process.env.NODE_ENV].remotes.pod_invoices,
  },
  shared: ['react', 'react-dom', 'react-query'],
}),
...
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

The main drawback that this solution creates is the fact that you need the shell module in order to start the others. This can be fixed however by manually typing the remotes list (if you really want to do separate development on some modules without starting the host).

Hot module replacement not working

After digging a lot in articles and github issues, couldn't find a direct solution to this, so I've created a question on stackoverflow and answered it myself in order to help others.

Basically, the only thing that worked for me was configuring the dev servers to use different ports for the web sockets that handle HMR.



// server/rsbuild.config.ts

dev: {
 assetPrefix: true,
 client: {
   port: 3003,
 },
},
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 


// dashboard/rsbuild.config.ts

dev: {
  assetPrefix: true,
  client: {
    port: 3002,
  },
},
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

react-query not finding the right context

Since the interaction with the API is done through the server module, and through hooks, we also had to export the QueryClientProvider and use it in the modules that depended on the server module.



// server/src/providers/ServerProvider.tsx

import { QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
import queryClient from "../common/queryClient/queryClient";

type ServerProviderProps = {
  children: React.ReactNode;
};

const ServerProvider = ({ children }: ServerProviderProps) => (
  <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>{children}</QueryClientProvider>
);

export default ServerProvider;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 


// dashboard/src/App.tsx

const ExportedApp = () => (
  <ServerProvider>
    <App />
  </ServerProvider>
);

export default ExportedApp;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Previewing the build not working due to CORS errors

Had to include extra headers in the webpack dev servers.



// ui/rsbuild.config.ts

export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [pluginReact()],
  server: {
    port: 3003,
    headers: {
      'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH, OPTIONS',
      'Access-Control-Allow-Headers':
        'X-Requested-With, content-type, Authorization',
    },
  },
...
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Tailwind styles not working

Since the UI library was built using shacdn (which uses tailwind), when importing a component in another module, the component was not styled (due to the tailwind context missing).

Currently, I've fixed this using a temporary fix which isn't optimal: importing ./App.css in every component that's exported.



// ui/src/components/skeleton/Skeleton.tsx

import { cn } from "../../utils/cn";

import "../../App.css";

function Skeleton({
  className,
  ...props
}: React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDivElement>) {
  return (
    <div
      className={cn("animate-pulse rounded-md bg-muted", className)}
      {...props}
    />
  );
}

export { Skeleton };
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

However, this didn't fix the fact that it wasn't possible to use tailwind in other modules (if, for example, added bg-green-200 on a div in the shell module, nothing would happen, because of the tree shaking that tailwind does. I've tried to fix this by exporting an UIProvider component from the ui module, but that also didn't work:



// ui/src/providers/UIProvider.tsx
// This doesn't work
import "../App.css";

const UIProvider = ({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) => (
  <>{children}</>
);

export default UIProvider;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

This was happening because the classes that weren't used were removed before they were used in shell .

Using tailwind separately in every module wouldn't be a good solution, since customizing the general theme would become a nightmare.

To fix this, I have updated the content part of the tailwind config to also point it to the other pods:



  content: [
    '../*/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}',
  ],
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

This becomes another point that tangles the modules together, but at least we know that ui is the only module that handles the styling part.

Tailwind infinitely reloading the CSS styles

After fixing the issue above, the content part of the tailwind.config.ts file looked like this:



  content: [
    //'./pages/**/*.{ts,tsx}',
    //'./components/**/*.{ts,tsx}',
    //'./app/**/*.{ts,tsx}',
    //'./src/**/*.{ts,tsx}',
    '../*/src/**/*.{ts,tsx}',
  ],
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Infinite reloading when developing

Turns out it was somehow related to the module-federation chrome extension. Disabling the extension made it work.

pnpm not starting all the servers

Turns out the default limit for running in parallel is 4. To overcome this, you need to include an extra param when starting/building the projects:



// package.json

"dev": "pnpm run --workspace-concurrency=Infinity -r dev",
"build": "pnpm run --workspace-concurrency=Infinity -r build",
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Version of shared singleton module react does not satisfy the requirement

Very interesting error, since both versions in the error were the same.



[ Federation Runtime ]: Version 18.3.1 from pod_ui of shared singleton module react does not satisfy the requirement of pod_invioces which needs 18.13.1)
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Could not find a fix for this. All the modules were having the same shared property:



const SHARED = {
  react: {
    requiredVersion: "^18.13.1",
  },
  "react-dom": {
    requiredVersion: "^18.13.1",
  },
  "@tanstack/react-query": {
    requiredVersion: "^5.51.16",
  },
};
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Also, all the modules had ^8.13.1 in their package.json:



❯ bat pods/*/package.json | grep \"react\"
"react": "^18.3.1",
"react": "^18.3.1",
"react": "^18.3.1",
"react": "^18.3.1",
"react": "^18.3.1",
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

And it was still throwing the error.

Useful article about shared packages versioning

Startup errors because of missing @mf-types.zip 

When trying to start some of the modules, I was getting:



Unable to compile federated types, Error: compile TS failed, the original command is 'npx tsc --project micropods/pods/ui/node_modules/.federation/tsconfig.abc.json'
Error: ENOENT: no such file or directory, open 'micropods/pods/ui/dist/@mf-types.zip'
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

I have tried re-installing, re-building the projects, but nothing worked.

The temporary solution from this GitHub issue worked:



new ModuleFederationPlugin({
  name: 'pod_ui',
  dts: false,
  exposes: {
    './config': './src/config.ts',
    './UIProvider': './src/providers/UIProvider.tsx',
    './Button': './src/components/button/Button.tsx',
    './Input': './src/components/input/Input.tsx',
    './Skeleton': './src/components/skeleton/Skeleton.tsx',
  },
  shared: ['react', 'react-dom'],
}),
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

This might break declarations for TypeScript, I'll keep looking for a better solution.

Translations not reloading

To keep things simple, I have decided to expose the i18n instance on window:



const instance = i18next.createInstance();

instance
  .use(initReactI18next)
  .init({
    resources,
  })
  .then(() => {
    console.log("i18 success");
  })
  .catch((error) => {
    console.error(error);
  });

(window as any).i18n = instance;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 


// pod_dashboard/src/App.tsx

const { t } = window.i18n;
...
<h3>{t('pod_dashboard:welcomeMessage')}</h3>
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

But an issue arose - when changing the language (in the shell module), it wasn't getting refreshed in other modules. To fix this I have decided to export a global hook instead. The hook forces a re-render when the language is changed.

Typescript not finding window definitions

Since window was being used to share some logic across modules, having typescript errors every time we've used something from window wasn't optimal. Hence, we can extend the window type:




import translations from "./translations";

import pubSub from "./pubSub";



const micropods = {

  translations,

  pubSub,

};



declare global {

  interface Window {

    micropods: typeof micropods;

  }

}



window.micropods = micropods;
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode




Useful articles

https://dev.to/ecyrbe/webpack-module-federation-for-production-environnement-4i55

https://dev.to/waldronmatt/module-federation-for-enterprise-part-2-men

https://github.com/waldronmatt/dynamic-host-module-federation

Top comments (0)

Read next

hernan_vergara_e797907d83 profile image

🌊 Diving Into React Hooks: A Comprehensive Guide for Modern Development

HERNAN VERGARA -

sebastienlorber profile image

This Week In React #205 : Next.js, useActionState, BottomSheet, edge-to-edge, Ignite, Metro, ES2025, Node.js, TypeScript...

Sebastien Lorber -

hkp22 profile image

JavaScript Tips: Using .every() and .some() for Cleaner Array Checks

Harish Kumar -

paradeto profile image

Implement React v18 from Scratch Using WASM and Rust - [27] Implement useTransition

ayou -