Here is the basic algorithm of how HTTPS work:
1.Browser hits website protected by HTTPS
2.Server sends digital certificate
3.Browser extracts public key from certificate
4.Browser creates a session key
5.Browser encrypts the session key using the public key and sends it to server
6.Server decrypts session key using its private key
7.Browser sends requests encrypted with the session key
8.Server sends responses encrypted with the same session key
A detailed explanation:
https://fullstackdeveloper.guru/2021/04/22/how-does-https-work/
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