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Wednesday Solutions
Wednesday Solutions

Posted on • Originally published at wednesday.is

AppSync: Resolving mutations directly off of Aurora Serverless

#serverless #aws #javascript #webdev

The database acts as a single source of truth in most modern applications. Backend applications typically expose APIs for CRUD operations to query and mutate values in the underlying data store. Based on the authentication scope of the user, the users should be allowed to fetch/update/create/delete entities in the database. With strong Role-based access control(RBAC), CRUD operations can be resolved directly off of the database.

AppSync is a managed service from AWS that exposes a GraphQL interface to interact with the API. It collects data from and resolves queries and mutations from multiple data sources. An Aurora Serverless Cluster can be used as a data source. In this tutorial, I will take you through how to resolve mutations directly off of the Aurora in AppSync.

AppSync uses Apache VTL resolvers to transform GraphQL requests from the client into requests to the data source. It provides support for the reverse as well. It translates the response from the data source into a GraphQL response.

For example

mutation CreateNote {
  createNote(
    input: {
      note: "Mow the lawn"
      listId: 13
      deadline: "2021-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
    }
  ) {
    id
    note
    listId
    deadline
    done
  }
}
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The above request needs to be transformed into

INSERT INTO notes (note, list_id, deadline) VALUES
 ('Mow the lawn', '133', '2021-01-01T00:00:00.000Z');
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This tutorial assumes that you have a good understanding of

In this tutorial, I will take you through how to

  • resolve create mutations directly off of the database and return the newly created entity.
  • resolve update mutations directly off of the database and return the updated entity.
  • resolve delete mutations directly off of the database and return the deleted entity. (We will soft delete records from the database i.e "deleted_at = NOW()")

Starter Project

Please clone the following repository: https://github.com/wednesday-solutions/appsync-rds-todo-starter. This project

  • consists of a CD pipeline that will create the required infrastructure (including the PostgreSQL DB) and deploy your AWS AppSync application using the serverless framework
  • has queries to fetch users, notes, and lists.
  • uses AWS Lambdas as a data source to resolve queries

Through the course of this tutorial, we will add support for mutations to this application.

Setup the database

Run the setup-local.sh script which will run the database migrations

./scripts/setup-local.sh
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Adding PostgreSQL Aurora Serverless as an AppSync data source

Step 1

Create an rds folder with a datasources.yml file in the resources folder

mkdir -p resources/rds
touch resources/rds/datasources.yml
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Step 2

Copy the snippet below in the newly created datasources.yml

- type: RELATIONAL_DATABASE
  name: POSTGRES_RDS
  description: "Aurora Serverless Database for ToDo Application"
  config:
    dbClusterIdentifier: { Ref: RDSCluster }
    databaseName: appsync_rds_todo_${env:STAGE}
    awsSecretStoreArn: !Ref RDSInstanceSecret
    serviceRoleArn: { Fn::GetAtt: [AppSyncRDSServiceRole, Arn] }
    region: ${env:REGION}
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  1. The type of the data source is RELATIONAL_DATABASE and its name is POSTGRES_RDS

  2. The awsSecretStoreArn in the config contains the credentials required for AppSync to access the database.

Step 3

Copy the snippet below in the serverless.yml

custom:
...
  appSync:
    ...
    dataSources:
      ...
      - ${file(./resources/rds/datasources.yml)}
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Step 4

Run yarn start-offline. It should execute without any errors.

Alt Text

Commit the progress so far.

git add .
git commit -m 'Add Postgres as a data source.'
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Exposing create mutations by adding them to the schema.graphql

Step 1

Add the mutations and types for create

# create mutation inputs
input CreateUserRequest {
  name: String!
  userRef: String!
}

input CreateNoteRequest {
  note: String!
  listId: ID!
  deadline: AWSDateTime!
  done: Boolean
}

input CreateListRequest {
  name: String!
  userId: Int!
}

# mutation responses
type MutatedList {
  id: ID!
  name: String!
  userId: Int!
}

type MutatedUser {
  id: ID!
  name: String!
  userRef: String!
}

type MutatedNote {
  id: ID!
  note: String!
  listId: ID!
  deadline: AWSDateTime!
  done: Boolean!
}

type Mutation {
  # create mutations
  createNote(input: CreateNoteRequest!): MutatedNote!
  createList(input: CreateListRequest!): MutatedList!
  createUser(input: CreateUserRequest!): MutatedUser!
}
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Step 2
Go to GraphiQL or any other GraphQL IDE.
For macOS, you can download it from here: https://www.electronjs.org/apps/graphiql

In the Docs pane on the right, you will be able to see the newly added mutations as shown below

Alt Text
Alt Text

Click on createNote

Alt Text

Click on MutatedNote

Alt Text

Go back and click on CreateNoteRequest!

Alt Text

Similarly, you can go through all the other newly created mutations

Running the mutation

mutation CreateNote {
  createNote(
    input: {
      note: "Mow the lawn"
      listId: 13
      deadline: "2021-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
    }
  ) {
    id
    note
    listId
    deadline
    done
  }
}
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Since the data source and resolvers for the mutations have not been wired in, invoking the mutation will result in an error

{
  "data": null,
  "errors": [
    {
      "message": "Cannot return null for non-nullable field Mutation.createNote.",
      "locations": [
        {
          "line": 2,
          "column": 3
        }
      ],
      "path": [
        "createNote"
      ]
    }
  ]
}
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Commit the progress so far.

git add .
git commit -m 'Add mutations and types in the schema.graphql'
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Add resolvers for create mutations

Step 1

Create a folder for mutation resolvers.

mkdir resolvers/mutations
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Step 2

Create a new file for the createList request resolver.

touch resolvers/mutations/createList.req.vtl
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Copy the snippet below

#set( $cols = [] )
#set( $vals = [] )

## 1
#foreach( $entry in $ctx.args.input.keySet() )

  ## 2
  #set( $regex = "([a-z])([A-Z]+)")
  #set( $replacement = "$1_$2")
  #set( $toSnake = $entry.replaceAll($regex, $replacement).toLowerCase() )
  #set( $discard = $cols.add("$toSnake") )

  ## 3
  #if( $util.isBoolean($ctx.args.input[$entry]) )
      #if( $ctx.args.input[$entry] )
        #set( $discard = $vals.add("1") )
      #else
        #set( $discard = $vals.add("0") )
      #end
  #else
      #set( $discard = $vals.add("'$ctx.args.input[$entry]'") )
  #end
#end

## 4
#set( $valStr = $vals.toString().replace("[","(").replace("]",")") )
#set( $colStr = $cols.toString().replace("[","(").replace("]",")") )

## 5
#if ( $valStr.substring(0, 1) != '(' )
  #set( $valStr = "($valStr)" )
#end
#if ( $colStr.substring(0, 1) != '(' )
  #set( $colStr = "($colStr)" )
#end
{
  "version": "2018-05-29",
  "statements":   ["INSERT INTO lists $colStr VALUES $valStr",
                      "SELECT * FROM lists ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1"]
}
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We need to convert the incoming GraphQL into SQL statements to

  • create a record in the database
  • return the created record

According to convention, the GraphQL request is in camelCase. However, the database columns are snake_case.

  1. Iterate over the keys in the args.input
  2. Convert each key from camelCase to snake_case
  3. Boolean values are stored SMALLINT in the database. If the value for input[property] is boolean we convert it to 0/1, so it can be inserted into the database.
  4. Stringify the values and columns array. Replace square braces [] with round braces ()
  5. This is a hack because the velocityjs engine handles stringification slightly differently. So adding this makes sure that our resolvers work both locally as well as on the deployed instance.

Step 3

Create a new file for the createNote request resolver.

touch resolvers/mutations/createNote.req.vtl
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Copy the snippet below

#set( $cols = [] )
#set( $vals = [] )
#foreach( $entry in $ctx.args.input.keySet() )
  #set( $regex = "([a-z])([A-Z]+)")
  #set( $replacement = "$1_$2")
  #set( $toSnake = $entry.replaceAll($regex, $replacement).toLowerCase() )
  #set( $discard = $cols.add("$toSnake") )
  #if( $util.isBoolean($ctx.args.input[$entry]) )
      #if( $ctx.args.input[$entry] )
        #set( $discard = $vals.add("1") )
      #else
        #set( $discard = $vals.add("0") )
      #end
  #else
      #set( $discard = $vals.add("'$ctx.args.input[$entry]'") )
  #end
#end

#set( $valStr = $vals.toString().replace("[","(").replace("]",")") )
#set( $colStr = $cols.toString().replace("[","(").replace("]",")") )
#if ( $valStr.substring(0, 1) != '(' )
  #set( $valStr = "($valStr)" )
#end
#if ( $colStr.substring(0, 1) != '(' )
  #set( $colStr = "($colStr)" )
#end
{
  "version": "2018-05-29",
  "statements":   ["INSERT INTO notes $colStr VALUES $valStr", "SELECT * FROM notes ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1"]
}
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Step 4

Create a new file for the createUser request resolver.

touch resolvers/mutations/createUser.req.vtl
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Copy the snippet below

#set( $cols = [] )
#set( $vals = [] )
#foreach( $entry in $ctx.args.input.keySet() )
  #set( $regex = "([a-z])([A-Z]+)")
  #set( $replacement = "$1_$2")
  #set( $toSnake = $entry.replaceAll($regex, $replacement).toLowerCase() )
  #set( $discard = $cols.add("$toSnake") )
  #if( $util.isBoolean($ctx.args.input[$entry]) )
      #if( $ctx.args.input[$entry] )
        #set( $discard = $vals.add("1") )
      #else
        #set( $discard = $vals.add("0") )
      #end
  #else
      #set( $discard = $vals.add("'$ctx.args.input[$entry]'") )
  #end
#end

#set( $valStr = $vals.toString().replace("[","(").replace("]",")") )
#set( $colStr = $cols.toString().replace("[","(").replace("]",")") )
#if ( $valStr.substring(0, 1) != '(' )
  #set( $valStr = "($valStr)" )
#end
#if ( $colStr.substring(0, 1) != '(' )
  #set( $colStr = "($colStr)" )
#end
{
  "version": "2018-05-29",
  "statements":   ["INSERT INTO users $colStr VALUES $valStr", "SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1"]
}
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Step 5

Create the response resolver for all the mutations

touch resolvers/mutations/response.vtl
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Copy the snippet below in the newly created file

#set ( $index = -1)
#set ( $result = $util.parseJson($ctx.result) )
#set ( $meta = $result.sqlStatementResults[1].columnMetadata)
## 1
#foreach ($column in $meta)
    #set ($index = $index + 1)
    #if ( $column["typeName"] == "timestamptz" )
        #set ($time = $result["sqlStatementResults"][1]["records"][0][$index]["stringValue"] )
        #set ( $nowEpochMillis = $util.time.parseFormattedToEpochMilliSeconds("$time.substring(0,19)+0000", "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ssZ") )
        #set ( $isoDateTime = $util.time.epochMilliSecondsToISO8601($nowEpochMillis) )
        $util.qr( $result["sqlStatementResults"][1]["records"][0][$index].put("stringValue", "$isoDateTime") )
    #end   
#end
#set ( $res = $util.parseJson($util.rds.toJsonString($util.toJson($result)))[1][0] )
#set ( $response = {} )
## 2
#foreach($mapKey in $res.keySet())
    #set ( $s = $mapKey.split("_") )
    #set ( $camelCase="" )
    #set ( $isFirst=true )
    #foreach($entry in $s)
        #if ( $isFirst )
          #set ( $first = $entry.substring(0,1) )
        #else
          #set ( $first = $entry.substring(0,1).toUpperCase() )
        #end
        #set ( $isFirst=false )
        #set ( $stringLength = $entry.length() )
        #set ( $remaining = $entry.substring(1, $stringLength) )
        #set ( $camelCase = "$camelCase$first$remaining" )
    #end
    $util.qr( $response.put("$camelCase", $res[$mapKey]) )
#end
$utils.toJson($response)
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  1. Convert the DateTime value from the database into an ISO Date Time. When using RDS as a data source AppSync isn't able to handle AWSDateTime out of the box.
  2. Convert the snake_case column names to camelCase.

Step 6

Create the mutation mapping templates for the create mutations

touch resources/mapping-templates/mutations.yml
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Copy the snippet below in the newly created file

- type: Mutation
  field: createNote
  request: "mutations/createNote.req.vtl"
  response: "mutations/response.vtl"
  dataSource: POSTGRES_RDS
- type: Mutation
  field: createList
  request: "mutations/createList.req.vtl"
  response: "mutations/response.vtl"
  dataSource: POSTGRES_RDS
- type: Mutation
  field: createUser
  request: "mutations/createUser.req.vtl"
  response: "mutations/response.vtl"
  dataSource: POSTGRES_RDS
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Register the mutation mapping templates in the serverless.yml

custom:
...
  appSync:
    ...
    mappingTemplates:
      ...
      - ${file(./resources/mapping-templates/mutations.yml)}
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Run the application using yarn start-offline and execute the newly created mutations

mutation CreateUser {
  createUser(input: { name: "Mac", userRef: "mac-123" }) {
    id
    name
    userRef
  }
}

mutation CreateList {
  createList(input: { name: "House chores", userId: 1 }) {
    id
    name
    userId
  }
}

mutation CreateNote {
  createNote(
    input: {
      note: "Mow the lawn"
      listId: 1
      deadline: "2021-01-01T00:00:00.000Z"
    }
  ) {
    id
    note
    listId
    deadline
    done
  }
}
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Create User

Alt Text

Create List

Alt Text

Create Note

Alt Text

Commit the progress till here

git add .
git commit -m 'Add support for create mutations'
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Exposing update mutations by adding them to the schema.graphql

Step 1

Add the mutations and types for update

# update mutation inputs
input UpdateNoteRequest {
  id: ID!
  note: String
  listId: ID
  done: Boolean
  deadline: AWSDateTime
}
input UpdateListRequest {
  id: ID!
  name: String
  userId: Int
}
input UpdateUserRequest {
  id: ID!
  name: String
  userRef: String
}

type Mutation {
  ...
  # update mutations
  updateList(input: UpdateListRequest!): MutatedList!
  updateNote(input: UpdateNoteRequest!): MutatedNote!
  updateUser(input: UpdateUserRequest!): MutatedUser!
}
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Add resolvers for update mutations

Step 1

Create a new file for the updateList request resolver.

touch resolvers/mutations/updateList.req.vtl
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Copy the snippet below

#set( $update = "" )
#set( $equals = "=" )
## 1
#foreach( $entry in $ctx.args.input.keySet() )
   ## 2
   #set( $cur = $ctx.args.input[$entry] )
   #set( $regex = "([a-z])([A-Z]+)")
   #set( $replacement = "$1_$2")
   #set( $toSnake = $entry.replaceAll($regex, $replacement).toLowerCase() )
   ## 3
   #if( $util.isBoolean($cur) )
       #if( $cur )
         #set ( $cur = "1" )
       #else
         #set ( $cur = "0" )
       #end
   #end
   ## 4
   #if ( $util.isNullOrEmpty($update) )
      #set($update = "$toSnake$equals'$cur'" )
   #else
      #set($update = "$update,$toSnake$equals'$cur'" )
   #end
#end
{
  "version": "2018-05-29",
  "statements":   ["UPDATE lists SET $update WHERE id=$ctx.args.input.id",
                     "SELECT * FROM lists WHERE id=$ctx.args.input.id"]
}
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We need to convert the incoming GraphQL into SQL statements to

  • update a record in the database
  • return the updated record

According to convention, the GraphQL request is in camelCase. However, the database columns are snake_case.

  1. Iterate over the keys in the args.input
  2. Convert each key from camelCase to snake_case
  3. Boolean values are stored SMALLINT in the database. If the value for input[property] is boolean we convert it to 0/1, so it can be inserted into the database.
  4. If $update already has a value append a comma.

Step 2

Create a new file for the updateNote request resolver.

touch resolvers/mutations/updateNote.req.vtl
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Copy the snippet below

#set( $update = "" )
#set( $equals = "=" )
## 1
#foreach( $entry in $ctx.args.input.keySet() )
   ## 2
   #set( $cur = $ctx.args.input[$entry] )
   #set( $regex = "([a-z])([A-Z]+)")
   #set( $replacement = "$1_$2")
   #set( $toSnake = $entry.replaceAll($regex, $replacement).toLowerCase() )
   ## 3
   #if( $util.isBoolean($cur) )
       #if( $cur )
         #set ( $cur = "1" )
       #else
         #set ( $cur = "0" )
       #end
   #end
   ## 4
   #if ( $util.isNullOrEmpty($update) )
      #set($update = "$toSnake$equals'$cur'" )
   #else
      #set($update = "$update,$toSnake$equals'$cur'" )
   #end
#end
{
  "version": "2018-05-29",
  "statements":   ["UPDATE notes SET $update WHERE id=$ctx.args.input.id", 
                     "SELECT * FROM notes WHERE id=$ctx.args.input.id"]
}
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Step 3

Create a new file for the updateUser request resolver.

touch resolvers/mutations/updateUser.req.vtl
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Copy the snippet below

#set( $update = "" )
#set( $equals = "=" )
## 1
#foreach( $entry in $ctx.args.input.keySet() )
   ## 2
   #set( $cur = $ctx.args.input[$entry] )
   #set( $regex = "([a-z])([A-Z]+)")
   #set( $replacement = "$1_$2")
   #set( $toSnake = $entry.replaceAll($regex, $replacement).toLowerCase() )
   ## 3
   #if( $util.isBoolean($cur) )
       #if( $cur )
         #set ( $cur = "1" )
       #else
         #set ( $cur = "0" )
       #end
   #end
   ## 4
   #if ( $util.isNullOrEmpty($update) )
      #set($update = "$toSnake$equals'$cur'" )
   #else
      #set($update = "$update,$toSnake$equals'$cur'" )
   #end
#end
{
  "version": "2018-05-29",
  "statements":   ["UPDATE users SET $update WHERE id=$ctx.args.input.id", 
                     "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=$ctx.args.input.id"]
}
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Step 4

Copy the snippet below in the mapping-templates/mutations.yml

...
- type: Mutation
  field: updateList
  request: "mutations/updateList.req.vtl"
  response: "mutations/response.vtl"
  dataSource: POSTGRES_RDS
- type: Mutation
  field: updateNote
  request: "mutations/updateNote.req.vtl"
  response: "mutations/response.vtl"
  dataSource: POSTGRES_RDS
- type: Mutation
  field: updateUser
  request: "mutations/updateUser.req.vtl"
  response: "mutations/response.vtl"
  dataSource: POSTGRES_RDS
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Run the application using yarn start-offline and execute the newly created mutations

mutation UpdateList {
  updateList(input: { id: 1, userId: 1 }) {
    id
    name
    userId
  }
}

mutation UpdateNote {
  updateNote(input: { id: 10, note: "This is a new note" }) {
    id
    note
    listId
    deadline
    done
  }
}

mutation UpdateUser {
  updateUser(input: { id: 1, userRef: "mac-987" }) {
    id
    name
    userRef
  }
}
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Update List

Alt Text

Update Note

Alt Text

Update User

Alt Text

Commit the progress till here

git add .
git commit -m 'Add support for update mutations'
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Exposing delete mutations by adding them to the schema.graphql

Step 1

Add the mutations and types for delete

type Mutation {
  ...
  # delete mutations
  deleteList(id: ID!): MutatedList!
  deleteNote(id: ID!): MutatedNote!
  deleteUser(id: ID!): MutatedUser!
}
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Add resolvers for delete mutations

Step 1

Create a new file for the deleteList request resolver.

touch resolvers/mutations/deleteList.req.vtl
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Copy the snippet below

{
  "version": "2018-05-29",
  "statements":   ["UPDATE lists set deleted_at=NOW() WHERE id=$ctx.args.id", 
                      "SELECT * FROM lists WHERE id=$ctx.args.id"]
}
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We need to convert the incoming GraphQL into SQL statements to

  • delete a record in the database
  • return the deleted record

Step 2

Create a new file for the deleteNote request resolver.

touch resolvers/mutations/deleteNote.req.vtl
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Copy the snippet below

{
  "version": "2018-05-29",
  "statements":   ["UPDATE notes set deleted_at=NOW() WHERE id=$ctx.args.id",
                      "SELECT * FROM notes WHERE id=$ctx.args.id"]
}
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Step 3

Create a new file for the deleteUser request resolver.

touch resolvers/mutations/deleteUser.req.vtl
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Copy the snippet below

{
  "version": "2018-05-29",
  "statements":   ["UPDATE users set deleted_at=NOW() WHERE id=$ctx.args.id", 
                      "SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=$ctx.args.id"]
}
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Step 4

Copy the snippet below in the mapping-templates/mutations.yml

...
- type: Mutation
  field: deleteList
  request: "mutations/deleteList.req.vtl"
  response: "mutations/response.vtl"
  dataSource: POSTGRES_RDS
- type: Mutation
  field: deleteNote
  request: "mutations/deleteNote.req.vtl"
  response: "mutations/response.vtl"
  dataSource: POSTGRES_RDS
- type: Mutation
  field: deleteUser
  request: "mutations/deleteUser.req.vtl"
  response: "mutations/response.vtl"
  dataSource: POSTGRES_RDS
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Run the application using yarn start-offline and execute the newly created mutations

mutation DeleteList {
  deleteList(id: 1) {
    id
    name
    userId
  }
}

mutation DeleteNote {
  deleteNote(id: 10) {
    id
    note
    listId
    deadline
    done
  }
}

mutation DeleteUser {
  deleteUser(id: 1) {
    id
    name
    userRef
  }
}
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Delete List

Alt Text

Delete Note

Alt Text

Delete User

Alt Text

Commit the progress till here

git add .
git commit -m 'Add support for delete mutations'
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There it is, you know have created, update and delete mutations resolving directly off-of the database!

Auto-generating a postman collection

Step 1

Install the graphql-testkit (https://www.npmjs.com/package/graphql-testkit)

Step 2

Run the application using

yarn start-offline
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Step 3

Generate the postman collection

graphql-testkit \
--endpoint=http://localhost:20002/graphql  \
--maxDepth=4 \
--header="x-api-key:0123456789"
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Alt Text

Import the newly created collection into Postman and test out your queries and mutations!

Alt Text

Where to go from here

To write tests in the postman collection and run them as part of the CI pipeline head over to our article on postman test

I hope you enjoyed this tutorial on resolving mutations directly off of the database using AppSync and Aurora Serverless. If you have any questions or comments, please join the forum discussion below.

➤This blog was originally posted on https://wednesday.is To know more about what it’s like to work with Wednesday follow us on: Instagram|Twitter|LinkedIn

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