😕 What is Turnstile and what does Prerendering mean?
In this Astro comment form post, we are going to explore the new Hybrid Rendering pattern introduced in Astro 2.0. As well as that we integrate Cloudflare’s innovative Captcha. It is like no other Captcha you have seen before! Prerendering improves the developer experience, making adding a form handler to an otherwise static site a whole lot easier. Turnstile improves user experience and saves visitors having to solve a string of Captcha challenges while still protecting our site from bots.
Prerendering
Two modern patterns for building web sites are Server-side rendering (SSR) and Static Site Generation (SSG). With SSR each time a visitor loads a web page on their device, the page is generated (from scratch) on a remote server and sent to their device. With SSG we create all the pages beforehand, and the visitor device instead loads the pre-built page. SSG offers security and speed benefits. On the other hand SSR makes it easier to customise the page to each visitor (letting a visitor see posts only from friends in a social sharing app as an example).
Before Astro 2 you had to choose either SSG or SSR for the whole site. Those days are now gone and now Astro lets you pick and choose which pages you want to be SSG and which SSR. A bonus is that you can keep the whole site SSG (for speed and security benefits) but use the SSR features to add a form handler. A form handler is just server code to read in form inputs and process them. Hybrid rendering works by setting the default to SSR. We must then override that default for each individual page we want to generate statically or prerender.
Turnstile
Captchas are the challenges sites use to check you are not a robot! Using proprietary technology, Cloudflare are able to tell bots apart from human users without solving complex puzzles which can present accessibility issues for some users and irritate others.
In this post we build up a basic comment form component. You could use this as a starting point for a more sophisticated comment form on a blog site.
🧱 What are we Building?
As mentioned above, we will create a comment form component. This will be fairly basic, as the main objective is to see how to add Turnstile and how Astro hybrid rendering work. For your own project, you will want to incorporate server side sanitisation and validation as well as, perhaps, some client-side user interface progressive enhancements.
⛔️ Astro Comment Form: Turnstile Setup
You will need a Cloudflare account to use Turnstile. At the time of writing it is in beta and access is free. Log into the Cloudflare console and select Turnstile from the menu on the left. Next click the Add site button. Turnstile credentials can be limited to work from one or more site domains. We will generate credentials for localhost (as the domain), for testing locally. When you deploy your site, generate a new set of credentials for your public domain.
For now, enter Localhost in the Site name field and localhost in the Domain field. I chose the Non-interactive option for Widget type, but choose whatever best matches your own needs.
⚙️ Getting Started: Astro Comment Form
If you have an existing site you want to try this code on, create a git branch and follow along. If, instead, you are starting from scratch, spin up a new Astro app:
pnpm create astro astro-prerender-comment-form
cd astro-prerender-comment-form
pnpm astro telemetry disable
pnpm add svelte cloudflare
pnpm add -D wrangler
pnpm dev
Because our form handler will run in SSR mode, we need to choose a cloud provider, so Astro can customise the build for it. We choose Cloudflare here. We will use Svelte for the form markup, though you could probably get away with just an Astro component if you really wanted to.
I chose the default options in the CLI prompts. Once the dev server starts, it will let you know the URL it is listening on. By default, this will be http://localhost:3000.
If you take a look at astro.config.mjs you should see something like this:
import { defineConfig } from 'astro/config';
// https://astro.build/config
import svelte from '@astrojs/svelte';
// https://astro.build/config
import cloudflare from '@astrojs/cloudflare';
// https://astro.build/config
export default defineConfig({
adapter: cloudflare(),
integrations: [svelte()],
output: 'server',
});
Line 13 is important here; it tells Astro to build the whole site as an SSR app. We will override this on our pages and in fact only the form handler will be managed by the server.
🤫 Environment Variables
Add your Turnstile credentials to a new .env file in the project root directory. Remember not to commit these to your git repo:
PUBLIC_SITE_URL="http://localhost:3000"
#PUBLIC_SITE_URL="http://localhost:8788"
PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY="0x0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKL"
TURNSTILE_SECRETKEY="0xABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456"
Update the PUBLIC_SITE_URL to wherever your site is running. You can use the commented out value later when running a Cloudflare preview locally.
Next we write some Astro code 🧑🏽🚀.
🏡 Astro Home Page
Replace the content in src/pages/index.astro:
---
import CommentForm from '~/components/CommentForm.svelte';
import Layout from '~layouts/Layout.astro';
export const prerender = true;
---
<Layout title="Comment">
<main>
<h1>Drop your comment here…</h1>
<CommentForm client:load />
</main>
</Layout>
<style>
h1 {
margin-bottom: var(--spacing-6);
font-size: var(--font-size-3);
}
</style>
Line 5 is where we tell Astro we want to prerender this page, overriding the SSR default set in astro.config.mjs. Astro will generate a static page which can be cached by a global CDN.
I like to use import path aliases (so we have ~/layouts/Layout.astro instead of ../layouts/Layout.astro in line 3). For this to work update tsconfig.json in the project root directory:
{
"compilerOptions": {
"baseUrl": ".",
"paths": {
"~*": ["src/*"]
}
},
"extends": "astro/tsconfigs/strict"
}
You might notice we referenced some CSS custom properties in the Astro file above. We can define those in a global CSS file and import them to the existing src/layouts/Layout.astro file. That way, the custom properties will be available to us in any pages which use the layout. Update the layout file:
---
import '~/styles/fonts.css';
import '~/styles/global.css';
export interface Props {
title: string;
description?: string;
}
const { description = '', title } = Astro.props;
---
<!-- TRUNCATED... -->
Create a src/styles/ folder then add a global.css file with the following content:
:root {
--spacing-px-2: 2px;
--spacing-0: 0;
--spacing-1: 0.25rem;
--spacing-2: 0.5rem;
--spacing-4: 1rem;
--spacing-6: 1.5rem;
--spacing-8: 2rem;
--spacing-12: 3rem;
--max-width-xs: 20rem;
--max-width-wrapper: 48rem;
--font-size-root: 16px;
--font-size-1: 1rem;
--font-size-2: 1.25rem;
--font-size-3: 1.563rem;
--font-size-4: 1.953rem;
--font-size-5: 2.441rem;
--font-size-6: 3.052rem;
--font-weight-normal: 400;
--font-weight-bold: 700;
--colour-dark: hsl(132 100% 1%); /* deep fir */
--colour-brand: hsl(210 67% 43%); /* denim */
--colour-theme: hsl(116 46% 50%); /* sugar cane */
--colour-light: hsl(100 100% 99%); /* sandwisp */
--colour-alt: hsl(12 85% 60%); /* mandarin pearl */
--colour-light-alpha-90: hsl(100 100% 99% / 90%);
--font-family-body: Urbanist;
}
html {
font-family: var(--font-family-body);
}
body {
display: grid;
place-items: center;
background-color: var(--colour-brand);
padding: var(--spacing-12);
color: var(--colour-light);
accent-color: var(--colour-alt);
caret-color: var(--colour-brand);
}
main {
min-height: 100vh;
width: var(--max-width-xs);
margin: var(--spacing-4) auto var(--spacing-80);
}
h1 {
font-size: var(--font-size-6);
font-weight: var(--font-weight-bold);
}
p {
font-size: var(--font-size-5);
}
form {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
width: var(--max-width-full);
}
.screen-reader-text {
border: 0;
clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);
clip-path: inset(50%);
height: 1px;
margin: -1px;
width: 1px;
overflow: hidden;
position: absolute !important;
word-wrap: normal !important;
}
We are still missing the CSS for the fonts. Create fonts.css in the same folder:
/* See: https://gwfh.mranftl.com/fonts/urbanist?subsets=latin
* to customise or download the fonts
*/
/* urbanist-regular - latin */
@font-face {
font-display: swap; /* Check https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face/font-display for other options. */
font-family: 'Urbanist';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
src: url('/fonts/urbanist-v10-latin-regular.woff2') format('woff2'),
/* Chrome 36+, Opera 23+, Firefox 39+ */ url('/fonts/urbanist-v10-latin-regular.woff')
format('woff'); /* Chrome 5+, Firefox 3.6+, IE 9+, Safari 5.1+ */
}
/* urbanist-700 - latin */
@font-face {
font-display: swap; /* Check https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face/font-display for other options. */
font-family: 'Urbanist';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
src: url('/fonts/urbanist-v10-latin-700.woff2') format('woff2'),
/* Chrome 36+, Opera 23+, Firefox 39+ */ url('/fonts/urbanist-v10-latin-700.woff')
format('woff'); /* Chrome 5+, Firefox 3.6+, IE 9+, Safari 5.1+ */
}
For this to work, we will serve the .woff and .woff2 files from our project. You can download them and save the four files (.woff and .woff2 for 400 and 700 weight), to a new public/fonts directory in the project.
We now have the basics out of the way. Hope that wasn’t too quick! Drop a comment below if something needs more explanation. Next we will add the Svelte form component. Then, finally we can add the SSR form handler.
❤️ Svelte Comment Form
We will add a script tag to the page html head section for Turnstile. Svelte makes it quite easy to do this from within the component. That helps us encapsulate all the client-site Turnstile code in a single file. Create CommentForm.svelte in the src/components directory with the following content:
<script lang="ts">
const siteUrl = import.meta.env.PUBLIC_SITE_URL;
const turnstileSiteKey = import.meta.env.PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY;
</script>
<svelte:head>
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js" async defer></script>
</svelte:head>
<form action={`${siteUrl}/api/message`} method="post">
<label for="name" class="screen-reader-text">Name</label>
<input id="name" name="name" type="text" required placeholder="Your Name" title="Name" />
<label for="email" class="screen-reader-text">Email</label>
<input
id="email"
name="email"
type="text"
required
placeholder="river@example.com"
title="Email"
/>
<label for="email" class="screen-reader-text">Comment</label>
<textarea id="comment" name="comment" required placeholder="Your comment…" rows="5" />
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
<div class="cf-turnstile" data-sitekey={turnstileSiteKey} data-size="compact" />
</form>
You see the Turnstile code we needed to add is minimal. We add a script tag in the HTML head section (line 7). Then, the little widget which shows up below the submit button (line 25).
We are using the platform here; we use built-in JavaScript APIs to submit the form. You will see the form has ${siteUrl}/api/message as the action. That is the route we will set the form handler to listen on.
Turnstile Verification Process
When a user visits the page, the widget runs in the background and decides if the user is a bot or not (traditionally a user challenge would have been used here). The script sends data from the client browser to Cloudflare. Cloudflare then responds with a code. We use that code server-side to check if the visitor passed the Captcha (more on that later). The Turnstile JavaScript code we added will automatically add an extra field with that response code. This is how we get the code from client to server.
Form Styling
Spruce up the form a touch with some extra styles at the bottom of src/components/CommentForm.svelte:
<style>
button {
all: unset;
cursor: pointer;
background-color: var(--colour-light);
color: var(--colour-brand);
padding: var(--spacing-2);
margin-bottom: var(--spacing-6);
font-size: var(--font-size-3);
font-weight: var(--font-weight-bold);
text-align: center;
}
button:focus {
outline: var(--spacing-px-2) solid var(--colour-alt);
}
button:focus,
button:hover {
background-color: var(--colour-light-alpha-90);
}
textarea {
resize: none;
}
button,
input,
textarea {
border-radius: var(--spacing-1);
}
input,
textarea {
text-indent: var(--spacing-2);
line-height: 1.75;
margin-bottom: var(--spacing-4);
border-radius: var(--spacing-1);
border-style: none;
font-size: var(--font-size-2);
}
.cf-turnstile {
margin-left: auto;
}
</style>
🥹 Thank you Page
Before we jump to the form handler, let’s add a thank you page. We will show this on successful form completion. Create src/pages/thanks.astro with this content:
---
import Layout from '~layouts/Layout.astro';
export const prerender = true;
---
<Layout title="Thanks">
<main>
<h1>Thanks for submitting your comment!</h1>
<p>We will be in touch</p>
</main>
</Layout>
<style>
body {
background-color: var(--colour-theme);
color: var(--colour-dark);
}
</style>
🍶 Server-Side Form Handler
We are on the home straight now. Once we add the form handler, all we will have left to do is test! In Astro, API routes follow the same file-based routing system as HTML pages. The main difference is that the file extensions are different. Create a src/pages/api folder and in there, add message.ts with the following content:
import type { APIRoute } from 'astro';
const siteUrl = import.meta.env.PUBLIC_SITE_URL;
const turnstileSecret = import.meta.env.TURNSTILE_SECRETKEY;
export const post: APIRoute = async function post({ redirect, request }) {
try {
const form = await request.formData();
const name = form.get('name');
const email = form.get('email');
const comment = form.get('comment');
const turnstileResponse = form.get('cf-turnstile-response');
const ip = request.headers.get('CF-Connecting-IP');
if (typeof turnstileResponse === 'string') {
const bodyFormData = new FormData();
bodyFormData.append('secret', turnstileSecret);
bodyFormData.append('response', turnstileResponse);
ip && bodyFormData.append('remoteip', ip);
const response = await fetch('https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify', {
method: 'POST',
body: bodyFormData,
});
const { success } = await response.json();
console.log({ name, email, comment, success });
}
return redirect(`${siteUrl}/thanks`);
} catch (error: unknown) {
console.error(`Error in comment form submission: ${error as string}`);
return redirect(`${siteUrl}/`);
}
};
Again we are using standard JavaScript APIs for form handling. Remember we said Turnstile adds an extra form field for us? We pull this in in line 12. The final part of the verification process is to send the client response to Cloudflare, along with our secret Turnstile API key. The server replies with a JSON object including a success field. As you might expect this is false when Turnstile assesses the visitor to be a bot and true otherwise.
In a real world app, when success is true we would want to commit the comment data to our database as well as any other processing needed. We just do a console log here instead. Also in a production app, we should want to do some sanitisation before inserting the data to the database. On top we would have some validation so we do not commit junk to the database. If the comments will be displayed publicly you will also need to filter them checking for inappropriate user-submitted content.
Returning to our basic example, finally we respond with a redirect pushing the visitor browser to our new Thank You page (line 30).
💯 Astro Comment Form: Testing
Try submitting the form from your dev server. If all goes well, you should see the Thank You page.
To build the site locally we need to run in a Cloudflare wrangler environment. Add an extra script to the project package.json file to handle this:
{
"name": "astro-prerender-comment-form",
"type": "module",
"version": "0.0.1",
"private": true,
"scripts": {
"dev": "astro dev",
"start": "astro dev",
"build": "astro telemetry disable && astro build",
"preview": "astro preview",
"preview:cf": "wrangler pages dev ./dist",
},
// TRUNCATED...
Then run the script from the Terminal:
pnpm preview:cf
This time the site will be available at http://localhost:8788. If this is your first time running wrangler from your machine, follow the instructions in the Terminal to log in.
Remember to update PUBLIC_SITE_URL in your .env file to match the new URL (otherwise the form will not submit as expected).
That’s it! You can now try pushing to Cloudflare Pages. Create a set of Turnstile credentials for you actual public domain first.
🙌🏽 Astro Comment Form: Wrapping Up
In this post, we saw how you can add a server-side form handler to your static Astro site. In particular we saw:
- how to add Turnstile Captcha in Astro,
- how Astro Hybrid rendering and prerendering work,
- some points to consider in a full production comment form.
You can see the full code for this project in the Rodney Lab GitHub repo. I do hope you have found this post useful! I am keen to hear what you are doing with Astro and ideas for future projects. Also let me know about any possible improvements to the content above.
🙏🏽 Astro Comment Form: Feedback
Have you found the post useful? Would you prefer to see posts on another topic instead? Get in touch with ideas for new posts. Also if you like my writing style, get in touch if I can write some posts for your company site on a consultancy basis. Read on to find ways to get in touch, further below. If you want to support posts similar to this one and can spare a few dollars, euros or pounds, please consider supporting me through Buy me a Coffee.
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