In the previous parts of this series we have seen many examples of how to use the Vault CLI to perform various tasks in Vault. In fact, we have only used the CLI to interact with Vault. In the next part of this series we will see the first non-CLI way of interacting with Vault (spoiler: we will use the Vault UI).
Much of the content in this part will be repetition. But repetition is the mother of learning is what they say!
Using the CLI make up the sixth objective in the Vault certification journey. This objective covers the following sub-objectives:
- Configure authentication methods
- Authenticate to Vault
- Configure Vault policies
- Enable Secret engines
- Access Vault secrets
- Configure environment variables
Before we dig into the sub-objectives let's start with a short CLI-101.
Vault CLI 101
I begin with some basics around Vault CLI commands that is common for every command you might run.
Each (most) command follows this general form:
$ vault <command> [options] [path] [arguments]
- Each command we'll see starts with
vault
, because that is the Vault CLI that we all know and love. -
<command>
might consist of one or two pieces that determines what operation we want to perform in Vault, e.g.secrets enable
,auth enable
,write
,read
,token revoke
, etc. - The
[options]
include flags (i.e.-flag1=value
,-flag2=value
, etc). There are some global flags that are available for all commands, and some specific flags depending on the type of command. - The
[path]
specifies the path (remember that everything in Vault exists at a path) where you want to perform the action.
Using the help flag -h
for the command you would like to run is one of the best way of getting information for a given command. There is also a path-help
command that gives you specific help for a path, for example:
$ vault path-help /sys/capabilities
Request: capabilities
Matching Route: ^capabilities$
Fetches the capabilities of the given token on the given path.
## PARAMETERS
path (slice)
(DEPRECATED) Use 'paths' instead.
paths (slice)
Paths on which capabilities are being queried.
token (string)
Token for which capabilities are being queried.
## DESCRIPTION
Returns the capabilities of the given token on the path.
The path will be searched for a path match in all the policies
associated with the token.
Configure authentication methods
To enable a new auth method, in this case the userpass
auth method, run:
$ vault auth enable userpass
Success! Enabled userpass auth method at: userpass/
To see what auth methods you currently have enabled run:
$ vault auth list
Path Type Accessor Description Version
---- ---- -------- ----------- -------
token/ token auth_token_5b8eda92 token based credentials n/a
userpass/ userpass auth_userpass_20319701 n/a n/a
Configuring default settings for an auth method is done using the tune
subcommand. In the following example I change the default lease TTL for tokens coming from the userpass
auth method from 32 days (the default value) to 12 hours:
$ vault auth tune -default-lease-ttl=12h userpass/
Success! Tuned the auth method at: userpass/
If you want to move an enabled auth method to another path you can do so using the move
subcommand. In the following example I move the userpass
auth method from userpass/
to up/
$ vault auth move auth/userpass/ auth/up/
Started moving auth method auth/userpass/ to auth/up/, with migration ID 3548ea1b-a039-99bc-85c9-94a2578d8d65
Success! Finished moving auth method auth/userpass/ to auth/up/, with migration ID 3548ea1b-a039-99bc-85c9-94a2578d8d65
Note that you must specify the full path of auth/userpass/
etc. This is a bit confusing, but all the auth methods are really mounted under auth/
and not directly at userpass/
and so on.
When you no longer need an auth method you can disable it:
$ vault auth disable up/
Success! Disabled the auth method (if it existed) at: up/
Authenticate to Vault
In the previous posts we've always had a root token set up with our local Vault CLI so we've not had to authenticate to Vault. If we're a user, or application, we must first authenticate using one of the enabled auth methods.
To illustrate how to authenticate to vault using the userpass
auth method (to continue from the previous section) first enable the auth method:
$ vault auth enable userpass
Success! Enabled userpass auth method at: userpass/
Next create a user named alice
:
$ vault write auth/userpass/users/alice \
password=S3cr3t123 \
policies=my-policy
Success! Data written to: auth/userpass/users/alice
To authenticate to Vault using the userpass
auth method and the user named alice
run the following command:
$ vault login -method=userpass username=alice
Password (will be hidden): ***
Success! You are now authenticated. The token information displayed below
is already stored in the token helper. You do NOT need to run "vault login"
again. Future Vault requests will automatically use this token.
Key Value
--- -----
token hvs.CAESIBZ7YFEM<truncated>PaXJwVFdaUDU
token_accessor WuKRVGKKGMlcRE3oBdHfnyqP
token_duration 768h
token_renewable true
token_policies ["default" "my-policy"]
identity_policies []
policies ["default" "my-policy"]
token_meta_username alice
Similar commands (vault login -method=<auth method>
) would be used for the other available auth methods.
Configure Vault policies
Do you remember policies from back in part two of this course? Policies are used to allow capabilities (actions) on a path(s) for a token. Policies are written in HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL) or JSON and consist of one or more path
blocks.
An example of a basic policy:
// policy.hcl
path "kv/database/password" {
capabilities = [ "read" ]
}
path "kv/api/key" {
capabilities = [ "read" ]
}
This policy allows a given token to read from two paths, kv/database/password
and kv/api/key
.
Once we have written our policy document (policy.hcl
in this case) we can create the actual policy in Vault:
$ vault policy write my-policy policy.hcl
Success! Uploaded policy: my-policy
We can list all our available policies using the following command:
$ vault policy list
default
my-policy
root
To view a specific policy we can use the following command:
$ vault policy read my-policy
path "kv/database/password" {
capabilities = [ "read" ]
}
path "kv/api/key" {
capabilities = [ "read" ]
}
If we no longer need to keep a policy we can delete it using the following command:
$ vault policy delete my-policy
Success! Deleted policy: my-policy
Apart from that there is not much more to say about working with policies using the Vault CLI. To see all available sub-commands and options use:
$ vault policy -h
Enable Secret engines
In the previous post we saw several examples of how to work with secrets engines using the Vault CLI. This section contains a summary of the common commands. I will illustrate the commands using the key/value (kv) secrets engine, both version 1 and 2.
To enable the kv secrets engine:
$ # enabling version 1 at the path kv/
$ vault secrets enable kv
$
$ # enabling version 1 at the path kvv1/
$ vault secrets enable -path=kvv1 kv
$
$ # enabling version 2 at the path kvv2/
$ vault secrets enable -version=2 -path=kvv2 kv
If you have enabled version 1 at the path kv/
and would like to upgrade it to version 2 you could run the following command:
$ vault kv enable-versioning kv
Success! Tuned the secrets engine at: kv/
To see all the secrets engines I have enabled I can run:
$ vault secrets list
Path Type Accessor Description
---- ---- -------- -----------
cubbyhole/ cubbyhole cubbyhole_e99e381f per-token private secret storage
identity/ identity identity_146bba4e identity store
kv/ kv kv_cd4c8f19 n/a
secret/ kv kv_5260e2d2 key/value secret storage
sys/ system system_55d6ae73 system endpoints
If I would like additional details I can add the -detailed
flag:
$ vault secrets list -detailed
# (output not shown due to size limits)
I can move a secrets engine from one path to another. To move my kv secrets engine from kv/
to kv-new/
I run:
$ vault secrets move kv/ kv-new/
Started moving secrets engine kv/ to kv-new/, with migration ID a63e75dd-b047-f095-6b67-de1fe27bef88
Success! Finished moving secrets engine kv/ to kv-new/, with migration ID a63e75dd-b047-f095-6b67-de1fe27bef88
When I no longer need a given secrets engine I can disable it:
$ vault secrets disable kv-new
Success! Disabled the secrets engine (if it existed) at: kv-new/
Access Vault secrets
We saw many examples of how to access Vault secrets using the Vault CLI in the previous post, but we'll repeat that material a bit here. For these examples I will continue using the key/value secrets engine, version 2. To start I enable the secrets engine:
$ vault secrets enable -version=2 -path=secrets kv
Success! Enabled the kv secrets engine at: secrets/
Next I store a secret at the path database/passwords
:
$ vault kv put secrets/database/password password=s3cr3tz
========= Secret Path =========
secrets/data/database/password
======= Metadata =======
Key Value
--- -----
created_time 2023-09-08T15:05:57.185984Z
custom_metadata <nil>
deletion_time n/a
destroyed false
version 1
Since I am using version 2 of the kv secrets engine I can update the password to a new version if I like:
$ vault kv put secrets/database/password password=s3cr3tzhello
========= Secret Path =========
secrets/data/database/password
======= Metadata =======
Key Value
--- -----
created_time 2023-09-08T15:07:03.875497Z
custom_metadata <nil>
deletion_time n/a
destroyed false
version 2
We can see that version
increased to 2
. To read my secret back I can run:
$ vault kv get secrets/database/password
========= Secret Path =========
secrets/data/database/password
======= Metadata =======
Key Value
--- -----
created_time 2023-09-08T20:07:03.875497Z
custom_metadata <nil>
deletion_time n/a
destroyed false
version 2
====== Data ======
Key Value
--- -----
password s3cr3tzhello
This output is not very convenient for parsing, so let's specify that we want JSON output instead:
$ vault kv get -format=json secrets/database/password
The returned data has this format:
{
"request_id": "d39f28d7-14fc-2f40-5b8d-c7fac2c6cc9f",
"lease_id": "",
"lease_duration": 0,
"renewable": false,
"data": {
"data": {
"password": "s3cr3tzhello"
},
"metadata": {
"created_time": "2023-09-08T20:07:03.875497Z",
"custom_metadata": null,
"deletion_time": "",
"destroyed": false,
"version": 2
}
},
"warnings": null
}
To access a given version of the secret (i.e. an older version) I run:
$ vault kv get -version=1 secrets/database/password
========= Secret Path =========
secrets/data/database/password
======= Metadata =======
Key Value
--- -----
created_time 2023-09-08T20:05:57.185984Z
custom_metadata <nil>
deletion_time n/a
destroyed false
version 1
====== Data ======
Key Value
--- -----
password s3cr3tz
If I would like to only access the metadata for a given secret I can do so:
$ vault kv metadata get secrets/database/password
========== Metadata Path ==========
secrets/metadata/database/password
========== Metadata ==========
Key Value
--- -----
cas_required false
created_time 2023-09-08T20:05:57.185984Z
current_version 2
custom_metadata <nil>
delete_version_after 0s
max_versions 0
oldest_version 0
updated_time 2023-09-08T20:07:03.875497Z
====== Version 1 ======
Key Value
--- -----
created_time 2023-09-08T20:05:57.185984Z
deletion_time n/a
destroyed false
====== Version 2 ======
Key Value
--- -----
created_time 2023-09-08T20:07:03.875497Z
deletion_time n/a
destroyed false
When working with version 2 of the kv secrets engine we can delete versions of our secrets and we can destroy them. Deleting a secret version just places a delete marker on it, but it is recoverable. Destroying a secret version permanently removes it. In the following command I destroy both version 1 and 2 of my secret:
$ vault kv destroy -versions=1,2 secrets/database/password
Success! Data written to: secrets/destroy/database/password
Configure environment variables
There are a number of environment variables that Vault looks for. Most of them are not required at all but could be useful in certain situations. I'll explain a few of the most common environment variables below1:
-
VAULT_TOKEN
allows you to set the current Vault token which should be used for all the commands you execute. -
VAULT_ADDR
should contain the URL and port where Vault is running, e.g.https://my-vault-server.com:8200/
. -
VAULT_CLIENT_TIMEOUT
is the timeout for commands issued to the Vault server, it defaults to 60 seconds. -
VAULT_FORMAT
allows you to select the output format for the CLI. The available values arejson
,yaml
, andtable
. -
VAULT_LOG_LEVEL
allows you to control the verbosity of the logs that Vault reports. Available values aretrace
,debug
,info
,warn
, anderr
. The default log level isinfo
.
-
For a complete list of environment variables see https://developer.hashicorp.com/vault/docs/commands#environment-variables. ↩
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