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Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ

I write about code, design and tools.

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Xtensa: the CPU architecture you already use (without knowing it)

Xtensa: the CPU architecture you already use (without knowing it)

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2 min read
LoongArch: China’s homegrown CPU architecture that is now in real laptops

LoongArch: China’s homegrown CPU architecture that is now in real laptops

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3 min read
Elbrus (E2K): a CPU architecture that thinks like a compiler

Elbrus (E2K): a CPU architecture that thinks like a compiler

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3 min read
Zilog Z80: the small CPU that powered an entire generation

Zilog Z80: the small CPU that powered an entire generation

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2 min read
IBM Z: the computer that never learned how to die

IBM Z: the computer that never learned how to die

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3 min read
DEC Alpha: the fastest CPU architecture you probably never used

DEC Alpha: the fastest CPU architecture you probably never used

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2 min read
MIPS architecture: simple, clean, and quietly everywhere (once)

MIPS architecture: simple, clean, and quietly everywhere (once)

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3 min read
RISC-V Architecture: how a clean instruction set became a serious threat

RISC-V Architecture: how a clean instruction set became a serious threat

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3 min read
Intel Itanium: the CPU architecture that tried to replace x86 (and didn’t)

Intel Itanium: the CPU architecture that tried to replace x86 (and didn’t)

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3 min read
SkyOS: a Non-POSIX operating system built by one stubborn person

SkyOS: a Non-POSIX operating system built by one stubborn person

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2 min read
Oberon OS: A system built by people who hated unnecessary things

Oberon OS: A system built by people who hated unnecessary things

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2 min read
RISC OS: A Non-POSIX Operating System That Grew With ARM

RISC OS: A Non-POSIX Operating System That Grew With ARM

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3 min read
HelenOS: A Non-POSIX Operating System Built as Independent Services

HelenOS: A Non-POSIX Operating System Built as Independent Services

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3 min read
TempleOS: A Non-POSIX Operating System That Removed Protection on Purpose

TempleOS: A Non-POSIX Operating System That Removed Protection on Purpose

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3 min read
Syllable: A Desktop Operating System That Refused to Become Unix

Syllable: A Desktop Operating System That Refused to Become Unix

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2 min read
MenuetOS KolibriOS: A Non-POSIX Operating System Built in Assembly

MenuetOS KolibriOS: A Non-POSIX Operating System Built in Assembly

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3 min read
Singularity: A Non-POSIX Operating System Built By Microsoft

Singularity: A Non-POSIX Operating System Built By Microsoft

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3 min read
MINIX: An Operating System That Inspired Linux

MINIX: An Operating System That Inspired Linux

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Inferno: An Operating System That Treats Distribution as Normal

Inferno: An Operating System That Treats Distribution as Normal

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3 min read
Plan 9: An Operating System That Treated the Network as Normal

Plan 9: An Operating System That Treated the Network as Normal

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SerenityOS: A Modern Operating System Built to Be Understood

SerenityOS: A Modern Operating System Built to Be Understood

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2 min read
Why Memory Protection Killed Many Beautiful Operating Systems

Why Memory Protection Killed Many Beautiful Operating Systems

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AmigaOS: The Operating System That Arrived Too Early for Its Own Good

AmigaOS: The Operating System That Arrived Too Early for Its Own Good

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3 min read
TSS/360: IBM’s Most Ambitious Operating System — And One of Its Biggest Failures

TSS/360: IBM’s Most Ambitious Operating System — And One of Its Biggest Failures

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3 min read
AIX: IBM’s Unix That Was Never Trying to Be Cool

AIX: IBM’s Unix That Was Never Trying to Be Cool

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3 min read
eComStation: The Operating System That Refused to Die

eComStation: The Operating System That Refused to Die

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OS/2 vs Windows NT: One Bet on Hardware, One Bet on Time

OS/2 vs Windows NT: One Bet on Hardware, One Bet on Time

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OS/360 Explained for Beginners: The Operating System That Changed Computing Forever

OS/360 Explained for Beginners: The Operating System That Changed Computing Forever

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IBM i Explained for Beginners: The Operating System That Runs Businesses Quietly

IBM i Explained for Beginners: The Operating System That Runs Businesses Quietly

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QNX Explained for Beginners: The Operating System You Use Without Knowing It

QNX Explained for Beginners: The Operating System You Use Without Knowing It

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Why POSIX Won Servers but Never Truly Won Desktops

Why POSIX Won Servers but Never Truly Won Desktops

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Why Windows Still Resists POSIX at the Core (And Probably Always Will)

Why Windows Still Resists POSIX at the Core (And Probably Always Will)

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3 min read
BeOS: The Operating System That Lost to Politics, Not Technology

BeOS: The Operating System That Lost to Politics, Not Technology

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Why PC Operating Systems Diverged From Unix in the First Place

Why PC Operating Systems Diverged From Unix in the First Place

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2 min read
Classic Mac OS vs Windows NT: Two Non-Unix Philosophies That Defined Personal Computing

Classic Mac OS vs Windows NT: Two Non-Unix Philosophies That Defined Personal Computing

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3 min read
Before Windows Was NT: How Microsoft Built a Non-Unix World (And Why It Still Matters)

Before Windows Was NT: How Microsoft Built a Non-Unix World (And Why It Still Matters)

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4 min read
POSIX Explained Like You Actually Need It (Not Like a Textbook)

POSIX Explained Like You Actually Need It (Not Like a Textbook)

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3 min read
🧠 Ceptre — The Rule-Based Language for Modeling Systems, Stories, and Simulation Logic

🧠 Ceptre — The Rule-Based Language for Modeling Systems, Stories, and Simulation Logic

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📐 HOL Light — The Minimal Proof Language for Formal Mathematics and Verified Software

📐 HOL Light — The Minimal Proof Language for Formal Mathematics and Verified Software

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🎮 AngelScript Variant — A Lightweight Scripting Language Inspired by C++ for Embedded Engines

🎮 AngelScript Variant — A Lightweight Scripting Language Inspired by C++ for Embedded Engines

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🧱 Jinja2 Template Language — The Engine Behind Dynamic HTML, Emails, and Configs

🧱 Jinja2 Template Language — The Engine Behind Dynamic HTML, Emails, and Configs

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2 min read
🧩 Svelte Mini DSL — The Hidden Micro-Language Inside Svelte's Markup System

🧩 Svelte Mini DSL — The Hidden Micro-Language Inside Svelte's Markup System

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🛍 Liquid — The Templating Language Powering Shopify Themes and Static Content

🛍 Liquid — The Templating Language Powering Shopify Themes and Static Content

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🔧 Blockly Schema Language — The Metadata Language Behind Visual Block Programming

🔧 Blockly Schema Language — The Metadata Language Behind Visual Block Programming

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🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines

🎮 GDScript (Legacy Mode) — The Old Scripting Language Behind Early Godot Engines

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🧬 Flix — A Modern Functional Language Built on Logic, Effects, and the JVM

🧬 Flix — A Modern Functional Language Built on Logic, Effects, and the JVM

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🐾 Kitten — A Typed Concatenative Language Inspired by Joy and Rust

🐾 Kitten — A Typed Concatenative Language Inspired by Joy and Rust

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🐈 Cat — A Concatenative Language Focused on Simplicity and Type Safety

🐈 Cat — A Concatenative Language Focused on Simplicity and Type Safety

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⚪ OneLang — A Programming Language Built From Only One Symbol

⚪ OneLang — A Programming Language Built From Only One Symbol

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📦 ByteLang — A Language Where Every Instruction Is Just a Single Byte

📦 ByteLang — A Language Where Every Instruction Is Just a Single Byte

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🕊 LambdaBird — A Tiny Lambda Calculus Style Language That Uses Bird Combinators

🕊 LambdaBird — A Tiny Lambda Calculus Style Language That Uses Bird Combinators

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🧬 SKI Combinator Calculus — Programming Without Variables, Assignments, or Functions

🧬 SKI Combinator Calculus — Programming Without Variables, Assignments, or Functions

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🧩 P′′ — The Tiny Language That Inspired Brainfuck and Minimalist Computing

🧩 P′′ — The Tiny Language That Inspired Brainfuck and Minimalist Computing

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🧪 Eff — The Language Built to Explore Algebraic Effects and Structured Concurrency

🧪 Eff — The Language Built to Explore Algebraic Effects and Structured Concurrency

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🔐 Cryptol — The Language Designed Specifically for Cryptography and Security Proofs

🔐 Cryptol — The Language Designed Specifically for Cryptography and Security Proofs

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🛡 ATS — The Language That Combines Types, Memory Safety, and C-Level Performance

🛡 ATS — The Language That Combines Types, Memory Safety, and C-Level Performance

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⚡ Futhark — The Functional Language Built for High-Performance Parallel Computing

⚡ Futhark — The Functional Language Built for High-Performance Parallel Computing

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🧠 Agda — The Programming Language Where Types Become Mathematical Proofs

🧠 Agda — The Programming Language Where Types Become Mathematical Proofs

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📐 MiniZinc — A High-Level Language Designed for Constraint Solving

📐 MiniZinc — A High-Level Language Designed for Constraint Solving

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📘 Lean — A Language for Formal Proofs and Verified Mathematics

📘 Lean — A Language for Formal Proofs and Verified Mathematics

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